Title: Application of Green Technologies in Design-Based Extraction of Celastrus paniculatus (Jyotishmati) Seeds, SEM, GC-MS Analysis, and Evaluation for Memory Enhancing Potential Arya A, Kaushik D, Almeer R, Bungau SG, Sayed AA, Abdel-Daim MM, Bhatia S, Mittal V Ref: Front Nutr, 9:871183, 2022 : PubMed
BACKGROUND: The Celastrus paniculatus (CP), commonly known as Jyotishmati, is considered as "elixir of life" by Indian people for the prevention or management of many ailments. The seed powder and its extract have widely used commercially for the preparation of various Ayurvedic formulations for the improvement of memory. CP seeds were generally extracted by conventional extraction methods (CEMs) which are assumed to impact environment burden and also produce low extract yield. Green extraction with possible improvement in extract yield has always been the need of hour for selected medicinal plant. OBJECTIVE: In the present research, we aimed to optimize the different extraction factors in microwave and ultrasound-based extraction. The various extracts obtained in conventional and green methods are also evaluated for the possible improvement in memory enhancing potential. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The selected medicinal herb was extracted by CEM (maceration and percolation). In green methods such microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound assisted-extraction (UAE), various parameters were optimized using Box-Behnken design coupled with response surface methodology. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analyses were also done to confirm the possible improvement in concentration of plant actives. The Swiss albino mice were used to evaluate memory enhancing potential of different extracts. RESULTS: At the optimized conditions MAE and UAE the extraction yield, total phenolic content (TPC) and Total flavonoid content (TFC) are significantly improved. The GC-MS analysis further confirms the improvement in concentration of certain fatty acid esters, pilocarpine, and steroidal compounds in optimized extracts. The optimized extracts also exhibited the significant improvement in behavioral parameters, oxidative stress-induced parameters, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory potential. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: From the results, we can say that the application of green technologies in design-based extraction of selected herb not only significantly reduces the extraction time but also improves the extract yield and concentration of plant actives. In nutshell, it can be concluded that the green approaches for extraction of seeds of Celastrus paniculatus could be scale up at a commercial level to meet the rising demand for herbal extract.
Title: Evaluating Antivenom Efficacy against Echis carinatus Venoms-Screening for In Vitro Alternatives Bhatia S, Blotra A, Vasudevan K Ref: Toxins (Basel), 14:, 2022 : PubMed
In India, polyvalent antivenom is the mainstay treatment for snakebite envenoming. Due to batch-to-batch variation in antivenom production, manufacturers have to estimate its efficacy at each stage of IgG purification using the median effective dose which involves 100-120 mice for each batch. There is an urgent need to replace the excessive use of animals in snake antivenom production using in vitro alternatives. We tested the efficacy of a single batch of polyvalent antivenom from VINS bioproducts limited on Echis carinatus venom collected from three different locations-Tamil Nadu (ECVTN), Goa (ECVGO) and Rajasthan (ECVRAJ)-using different in vitro assays. Firstly, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC-HPLC) was used to quantify antivenom-venom complexes to assess the binding efficiency of the antivenom. Secondly, clotting, proteolytic and PLA(2) activity assays were performed to quantify the ability of the antivenom to neutralize venom effects. The use of both binding and functional assays allowed us to measure the efficacy of the antivenom, as they represent multiple impacts of snake envenomation. The response from the assays was recorded for different antivenom-venom ratios and the dose-response curves were plotted. Based on the parameters that explained the curves, the efficacy scores (ES) of antivenom were computed. The binding assay revealed that ECVTN had more antivenom-venom complexes formed compared to the other venoms. The capacity of antivenom to neutralize proteolytic and PLA(2) effects was lowest against ECVRAJ. The mean efficacy score of antivenom against ECVTN was the greatest, which was expected, as ECVTN is mainly used by antivenom manufacturers. These findings pave a way for the development of in vitro alternatives in antivenom efficacy assessment.
Background: To discover novel lead molecules against diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and oxidative stress, a library of arylated pyrazole-fused pyran derivatives, 1-20, were synthesized in a one-pot reaction. Materials & methods:(1)H-NMR spectroscopic and electron ionization mass spectrometry techniques were used to characterize the synthetic hybrid molecules 1-20. Analogs were screened against four indispensable therapeutic targets, including alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes. Results: Except for derivatives 17 and 18, all other compounds exhibited varying degrees of inhibitory activities against target enzymes. The kinetic studies revealed that the synthetic molecules followed a competitive-type mode of inhibition for alpha-amylase and acetylcholinesterase enzymes, as well as a non-competitive mode of inhibition for alpha-glucosidase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes. In addition, molecular docking studies identified crucial binding interactions of ligands with the enzyme's active site. Conclusion: These molecules may serve as a potential drug candidate to cure diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and oxidative stress in the future.
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important pulse legume crop. We previously reported a draft genome assembly of the desi chickpea cultivar ICC 4958. Here we report an advanced version of the ICC 4958 genome assembly (version 2.0) generated using additional sequence data and an improved genetic map. This resulted in 2.7-fold increase in the length of the pseudomolecules and substantial reduction of sequence gaps. The genome assembly covered more than 94% of the estimated gene space and predicted the presence of 30,257 protein-coding genes including 2230 and 133 genes encoding potential transcription factors (TF) and resistance gene homologs, respectively. Gene expression analysis identified several TF and chickpea-specific genes with tissue-specific expression and displayed functional diversification of the paralogous genes. Pairwise comparison of pseudomolecules in the desi (ICC 4958) and the earlier reported kabuli (CDC Frontier) chickpea assemblies showed an extensive local collinearity with incongruity in the placement of large sequence blocks along the linkage groups, apparently due to use of different genetic maps. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based mining of intra-specific polymorphism identified more than four thousand SNPs differentiating a desi group and a kabuli group of chickpea genotypes.
Title: Enantioseparation of (R,S)-ketoprofen using Candida antarctica lipase B in an enzymatic membrane reactor Ong AL, Kamaruddin AH, Bhatia S, Aboul-Enein HY Ref: J Sep Sci, 31:2476, 2008 : PubMed
An enzymatic membrane reactor (EMR) for enantioseparation of (R,S)-ketoprofen via Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) as biocatalyst was investigated. A comparative study of free and immobilized CALB was further conducted. The catalytic behaviour of CALB in an EMR was affected by the process parameters of enzyme load, substrate concentration, substrate molar ratio, lipase solution pH, reaction temperature, and substrate flow rate. Immobilization of CALB in the EMR was able to reduce the amount of enzyme required for the enantioseparation of (R,S)-ketoprofen. Immobilized CALB in the EMR assured higher reaction capacity, better thermal stability, and reusability. It was also found to be more cost effective and practical than free CALB in a batch reactor.
