Title: Protective effect of rutin against diabetes-associated cognitive decline in rats Xianchu L, Huan P, Kang L, Beiwang D, Ming L Ref: Pak J Pharm Sci, 35:769, 2022 : PubMed
Diabetes is a well-known risk factor for cognitive deficit. Rutin (RUT) possesses diverse pharmacological activities and is widely used in diabetic complication. The aim of this study is to assess the improvement of RUT on diabetes-associated cognitive decline (DACD). In our study, Morris water maze was examined to estimate cognitive function. In hippocampus tissue, spectrophotometer was performed to evaluate super oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and choline acetyl transferase (ChAT) levels. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were utilized to analyze Tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) contents. Western blot was used to detect the protein expressions of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2 (Nrf-2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Our data revealed that RUT markedly improved learning and memory capacities in Morris water maze test. In hippocampus, RUT markedly inhibited AChE, GFAP MDA, TNF-a and IL-1beta levels and augmented ChAT and BDNF, SOD, CAT, GSH, Nrf-2 and HO-1 levels. In conclusion, RUT may be involved in protection efficacy against STZ-induced cognitive deficits via improvement of oxidative stress, inflammatory response and Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway.
Reconstructing the genomes of bilaterian ancestors is central to our understanding of animal evolution, where knowledge from ancient and/or slow-evolving bilaterian lineages is critical. Here we report a high-quality, chromosome-anchored reference genome for the scallop Patinopecten yessoensis, a bivalve mollusc that has a slow-evolving genome with many ancestral features. Chromosome-based macrosynteny analysis reveals a striking correspondence between the 19 scallop chromosomes and the 17 presumed ancestral bilaterian linkage groups at a level of conservation previously unseen, suggesting that the scallop may have a karyotype close to that of the bilaterian ancestor. Scallop Hox gene expression follows a new mode of subcluster temporal co-linearity that is possibly ancestral and may provide great potential in supporting diverse bilaterian body plans. Transcriptome analysis of scallop mantle eyes finds unexpected diversity in phototransduction cascades and a potentially ancient Pax2/5/8-dependent pathway for noncephalic eyes. The outstanding preservation of ancestral karyotype and developmental control makes the scallop genome a valuable resource for understanding early bilaterian evolution and biology.
Apart from sharing common ancestry with chordates, sea cucumbers exhibit a unique morphology and exceptional regenerative capacity. Here we present the complete genome sequence of an economically important sea cucumber, A. japonicus, generated using Illumina and PacBio platforms, to achieve an assembly of approximately 805 Mb (contig N50 of 190 Kb and scaffold N50 of 486 Kb), with 30,350 protein-coding genes and high continuity. We used this resource to explore key genetic mechanisms behind the unique biological characters of sea cucumbers. Phylogenetic and comparative genomic analyses revealed the presence of marker genes associated with notochord and gill slits, suggesting that these chordate features were present in ancestral echinoderms. The unique shape and weak mineralization of the sea cucumber adult body were also preliminarily explained by the contraction of biomineralization genes. Genome, transcriptome, and proteome analyses of organ regrowth after induced evisceration provided insight into the molecular underpinnings of visceral regeneration, including a specific tandem-duplicated prostatic secretory protein of 94 amino acids (PSP94)-like gene family and a significantly expanded fibrinogen-related protein (FREP) gene family. This high-quality genome resource will provide a useful framework for future research into biological processes and evolution in deuterostomes, including remarkable regenerative abilities that could have medical applications. Moreover, the multiomics data will be of prime value for commercial sea cucumber breeding programs.
