Title: Genomic organization, expression, and comparative analysis of noncoding region of the rat Ndrg4 gene Maeda A, Hongo S, Miyazaki A Ref: Gene, 324:149, 2004 : PubMed
Rat Ndrg4 is a member of the NDRG gene family and has been suggested to relate to brain development. The structure of the rat Ndrg4 gene was studied to understand the mechanism for the expression of multiple forms of Ndrg4 protein, which were revealed in the brain. Subcloning and DNA sequencing analysis of a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone, together with analysis of a transcriptional start site by a cap-site hunting, indicated that the Ndrg4 gene spans about 39 kilobases (kb) and consists of 19 exons, in which the first and second exons were first found in rat. An alternative promoter usage at different transcriptional start sites may produce three types of messages, Ndrg4-A, Ndrg4-B, and Ndrg4-C, and there is a variant that lacks exon 18 for each type of transcript. Thereby, Ndrg4-A1, Ndrg4-A2, Ndrg4-B1, Ndrg4-B2, Ndrg4-C1, and Ndrg4-C2 were identified to be expressed. These six variants might explain the heterogeneity of the Ndrg4 protein in the brain. The variants without exon 18 were revealed in the embryonic and early postnatal brains while those with exon 18 were detected in the maturing and adult brains. Radiation hybrid mapping suggests that the rat Ndrg4 gene is located on chromosome 19 at 90.6 centirays (cR) from the top. Comparison of the noncoding sequence of the rat Ndrg4 gene to those of the orthologous mouse and human genes suggests that the AP-1 binding site is a candidate regulatory element.
We collected and completely sequenced 28,469 full-length complementary DNA clones from Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica cv. Nipponbare. Through homology searches of publicly available sequence data, we assigned tentative protein functions to 21,596 clones (75.86%). Mapping of the cDNA clones to genomic DNA revealed that there are 19,000 to 20,500 transcription units in the rice genome. Protein informatics analysis against the InterPro database revealed the existence of proteins presented in rice but not in Arabidopsis. Sixty-four percent of our cDNAs are homologous to Arabidopsis proteins.
Only a small proportion of the mouse genome is transcribed into mature messenger RNA transcripts. There is an international collaborative effort to identify all full-length mRNA transcripts from the mouse, and to ensure that each is represented in a physical collection of clones. Here we report the manual annotation of 60,770 full-length mouse complementary DNA sequences. These are clustered into 33,409 'transcriptional units', contributing 90.1% of a newly established mouse transcriptome database. Of these transcriptional units, 4,258 are new protein-coding and 11,665 are new non-coding messages, indicating that non-coding RNA is a major component of the transcriptome. 41% of all transcriptional units showed evidence of alternative splicing. In protein-coding transcripts, 79% of splice variations altered the protein product. Whole-transcriptome analyses resulted in the identification of 2,431 sense-antisense pairs. The present work, completely supported by physical clones, provides the most comprehensive survey of a mammalian transcriptome so far, and is a valuable resource for functional genomics.
Title: Stereoselectivity in metabolic sulfoxidation of propaphos and biological activity of chiral propaphos sulfoxide Miyazaki A, Nakamura T, Marumo S Ref: Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 33:11, 1989 : PubMed
Stereoselectivity on sulfoxidation of propaphos (1, O,O-dipropyl O-4-methylthiophenyl phosphate, Kayaphos) into propaphos sulfoxide (2, O,O-dipropyl O-4-methylsulfinylphenyl phosphate) with German cockroach and biological activity of both enantiomers of 2 were examined. Metabolic 2 was analyzed by chiral HPLC on CHIRALCEL OA with hexane-propan-2-ol (9:1) to determine that the enantiomeric ratio of (R)s-(+) to (S)s-(-)-2 was 56:44. Both enantiomers of 2 were prepared by optical resolution with the same chiral HPLC. (-)-2 was about threefold more potent as an inhibitor of German cockroach and bovine erythrocyte acetylcholinesterases, whereas (+)-2 was twofold more insecticidal to German cockroach. There is little difference of toxicity to the house fly and the green rice leaf hopper between the enantiomers of 2..
