Several types of environmental bacteria that can aerobically degrade various aromatic compounds have been identified. The catabolic genes in these bacteria have generally been found to form operons, which promote efficient and complete degradation. However, little is known about the degradation pathways in bacteria that are difficult to culture in the laboratory. By functionally screening a metagenomic library created from activated sludge, we had earlier identified 91 fosmid clones carrying genes for extradiol dioxygenase (EDO), a key enzyme in the degradation of aromatic compounds. In this study, we analyzed 38 of these fosmids for the presence and organization of novel genes for aromatics degradation. Only two of the metagenomic clones contained complete degradation pathways similar to those found in known aromatic compound-utilizing bacteria. The rest of the clones contained only subsets of the pathway genes, with novel gene arrangements. A circular 36.7-kb DNA form was assembled from the sequences of clones carrying genes belonging to a novel EDO subfamily. This plasmid-like DNA form, designated pSKYE1, possessed genes for DNA replication and stable maintenance as well as a small set of genes for phenol degradation; the encoded enzymes, phenol hydroxylase and EDO, are capable of the detoxification of aromatic compounds. This gene set was found in 20 of the 38 analyzed clones, suggesting that this 'detoxification apparatus' may be widespread in the environment.
Title: Complete sequence determination combined with analysis of transposition/site-specific recombination events to explain genetic organization of IncP-7 TOL plasmid pWW53 and related mobile genetic elements Yano H, Garruto CE, Sota M, Ohtsubo Y, Nagata Y, Zylstra GJ, Williams PA, Tsuda M Ref: Journal of Molecular Biology, 369:11, 2007 : PubMed
Recent studies have indicated that the evolutionarily common catabolic gene clusters are loaded on structurally diverse toluene-catabolic (TOL) plasmids and their residing transposons. To elucidate the mechanisms supporting the diversification of catabolic plasmids and transposons, we determined here the complete 107,929 bp sequence of pWW53, a TOL plasmid from Pseudomonas putida MT53. pWW53 was found to belong to the IncP-7 incompatibility group that play important roles in the catabolism of several xenobiotics. pWW53 carried two distinct transposase-resolvase gene clusters (tnpAR modules), five short terminal inverted repeats (IRs), and three site-specific resolution (res) sites that are all typical of class II transposons. This organization of pWW53 suggested the four possible transposable regions, Tn4657 to Tn4660. The largest 86 kb region (Tn4657) spanned the three other regions, and Tn4657 and Tn4660 (62 kb) covered all of the 36 xyl genes for toluene catabolism. Our subsequent transposition experiments clarified that the three transposons, Tn4657 to Tn4659, indeed exhibit their transposability, and that pWW53 also generated another 37 kb toluene-catabolic transposon, Tn4656, which carried the two separated and inversely oriented segments of pWW53: the tnpRA-IR module of Tn4658 and a part of xyl gene clusters on Tn4657. The Tn4658 transposase was able to mediate the transposition of Tn4658, Tn4657, and Tn4656, while the Tn4659 transposase catalyzed only the transposition of Tn4659. Tn4656 was formed by the Tn4658 resolvase-mediated site-specific inversion between the two inversely oriented res sites on pWW53. These findings and comparison with other catabolic plasmids clearly indicate multiple copies of transposition-related genes and sites on one plasmid and their recombination activities contribute greatly to the diversification of plasmid structures as well as wide dissemination of the evolutionary common gene clusters in various plasmids.
Title: Genomic and functional analysis of the IncP-9 naphthalene-catabolic plasmid NAH7 and its transposon Tn4655 suggests catabolic gene spread by a tyrosine recombinase Sota M, Yano H, Ono A, Miyazaki R, Ishii H, Genka H, Top EM, Tsuda M Ref: Journal of Bacteriology, 188:4057, 2006 : PubMed
The naphthalene-catabolic (nah) genes on the incompatibility group P-9 (IncP-9) self-transmissible plasmid NAH7 from Pseudomonas putida G7 are some of the most extensively characterized genetic determinants for bacterial aerobic catabolism of aromatic hydrocarbons. In contrast to the detailed studies of its catabolic cascade and enzymatic functions, the biological characteristics of plasmid NAH7 have remained unclear. Our sequence determination in this study together with the previously deposited sequences revealed the entire structure of NAH7 (82,232 bp). Comparison of NAH7 with two other completely sequenced IncP-9 catabolic plasmids, pDTG1 and pWW0, revealed that the three plasmids share very high nucleotide similarities in a 39-kb region encoding the basic plasmid functions (the IncP-9 backbone). The backbone of NAH7 is phylogenetically more related to that of pDTG1 than that of pWW0. These three plasmids carry their catabolic gene clusters at different positions on the IncP-9 backbone. All of the NAH7-specified nah genes are located on a class II transposon, Tn4655. Our analysis of the Tn4655-encoded site-specific recombination system revealed that (i) a novel tyrosine recombinase, TnpI, catalyzed both the intra- and intermolecular recombination between two copies of the attI site, (ii) the functional attI site was located within a 119-bp segment, and (iii) the site-specific strand exchange occurred within a 30-bp segment in the 41-bp CORE site. Our results and the sequence data of other naphthalene-catabolic plasmids, pDTG1 and pND6-1, suggest a potential role of the TnpI-attI recombination system in the establishment of these catabolic plasmids.
Title: Structure of haloacetate-catabolic IncP-1beta plasmid pUO1 and genetic mobility of its residing haloacetate-catabolic transposon Sota M, Kawasaki H, Tsuda M Ref: Journal of Bacteriology, 185:6741, 2003 : PubMed
The self-transmissible plasmid pUO1 from Delftia acidovorans strain B carries two haloacetate-catabolic transposons, TnHad1 and TnHad2, and the mer genes for resistance to mercury. The complete 67,066-bp sequence of pUO1 revealed that the mer genes were also carried by two Tn402/Tn5053-like transposons, Tn4671 and Tn4672, and that the pUO1 backbone regions shared 99% identity to those of the archetype IncP-1beta plasmid R751. Comparison of pUO1 with three other IncP-1beta plasmids illustrated the importance of transposon insertion in the diversity and evolution of this group of plasmids. Mutational analysis of the four outermost residues in the inverted repeats (IRs) of TnHad2, a Tn21-related transposon, revealed a crucial role of the second residue of its IRs in transposition.
Title: Characterization of a class II defective transposon carrying two haloacetate dehalogenase genes from Delftia acidovorans plasmid pUO1 Sota M, Endo M, Nitta K, Kawasaki H, Tsuda M Ref: Applied Environmental Microbiology, 68:2307, 2002 : PubMed
The two haloacetate dehalogenase genes, dehH1 and dehH2, on the 65-kb plasmid pUO1 from Delftia acidovorans strain B were found to be located on transposable elements. The dehH2 gene was carried on an 8.9-kb class I composite transposon (TnHad1) that was flanked by two directly repeated copies of IS1071, IS1071L and IS1071R. The dehH1 gene was also flanked by IS1071L and a truncated version of IS1071 (IS1071N). TnHad1, dehH1, and IS1071N were located on a 15.6-kb class II transposon (TnHad2) whose terminal inverted repeats and res site showed high homology with those of the Tn21-related transposons. TnHad2 was defective in transposition because of its lacking the transposase and resolvase genes. TnHad2 could transpose when the Tn21-encoded transposase and resolvase were supplied in trans. These results demonstrated that Tn Had2 is a defective Tn21-related transposon carrying another class I catabolic transposon.
