(Below N is a link to NCBI taxonomic web page and E link to ESTHER at designed phylum.) > cellular organisms: NE > Eukaryota: NE > Viridiplantae: NE > Streptophyta: NE > Streptophytina: NE > Embryophyta: NE > Tracheophyta: NE > Euphyllophyta: NE > Spermatophyta: NE > Magnoliophyta: NE > Mesangiospermae: NE > eudicotyledons: NE > Gunneridae: NE > Pentapetalae: NE > asterids: NE > lamiids: NE > Solanales: NE > Solanaceae: NE > Solanoideae: NE > Capsiceae: NE > Capsicum: NE > Capsicum baccatum: NE
LegendThis sequence has been compared to family alignement (MSA) red => minority aminoacid blue => majority aminoacid color intensity => conservation rate title => sequence position(MSA position)aminoacid rate Catalytic site Catalytic site in the MSA MVSYVSLLLYGVGGIVVAGMAILVAFQEKLVYVPVLPGLTKSYPITPARL RLLYEDVWLRSSDGVRLHAWFIKLLPDCRGPTIIFFQENAGNIAHRLEMV RIMLQRLQCNVFMLSYRGYGASDGCPSQHGITKDAQAALDHLVQRNDIDT SRIVVFGRSLGGAVGSVLTKNNPDKVAGLILENTFTSILDMAGVLLPFLK WIIGGSGSKGFKLLNFVVRSPWNTVDVIGEIKQPILFLSGLQDEMVPPFH MQMLYAKAAAHNRQCLFVEFPNGMHMDTWLAGGDHYWRTIQNFLEETVPE TKDDDSKKEKELSSKQNVSSDFVPS
BACKGROUND: Transposable elements are major evolutionary forces which can cause new genome structure and species diversification. The role of transposable elements in the expansion of nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich-repeat proteins (NLRs), the major disease-resistance gene families, has been unexplored in plants. RESULTS: We report two high-quality de novo genomes (Capsicum baccatum and C. chinense) and an improved reference genome (C. annuum) for peppers. Dynamic genome rearrangements involving translocations among chromosomes 3, 5, and 9 were detected in comparison between C. baccatum and the two other peppers. The amplification of athila LTR-retrotransposons, members of the gypsy superfamily, led to genome expansion in C. baccatum. In-depth genome-wide comparison of genes and repeats unveiled that the copy numbers of NLRs were greatly increased by LTR-retrotransposon-mediated retroduplication. Moreover, retroduplicated NLRs are abundant across the angiosperms and, in most cases, are lineage-specific. CONCLUSIONS: Our study reveals that retroduplication has played key roles for the massive emergence of NLR genes including functional disease-resistance genes in pepper plants.
