(Below N is a link to NCBI taxonomic web page and E link to ESTHER at designed phylum.) > cellular organisms: NE > Eukaryota: NE > Opisthokonta: NE > Metazoa: NE > Eumetazoa: NE > Bilateria: NE > Deuterostomia: NE > Chordata: NE > Craniata: NE > Vertebrata: NE > Gnathostomata: NE > Teleostomi: NE > Euteleostomi: NE > Sarcopterygii: NE > Dipnotetrapodomorpha: NE > Tetrapoda: NE > Amniota: NE > Sauropsida: NE > Sauria: NE > Archelosauria: NE > Archosauria: NE > Dinosauria: NE > Saurischia: NE > Theropoda: NE > Coelurosauria: NE > Aves: NE > Neognathae: NE > Galloanserae: NE > Galliformes: NE > Phasianidae: NE > Phasianinae: NE > Gallus: NE > Gallus gallus: NE
LegendThis sequence has been compared to family alignement (MSA) red => minority aminoacid blue => majority aminoacid color intensity => conservation rate title => sequence position(MSA position)aminoacid rate Catalytic site Catalytic site in the MSA MWLILWRSPLLPPVLQVPELVAGWDLRLALWVLSFASAVVRMEGQVYSPT VNTHYGKLRGVRVPLPSEILGPVDQYLGVPYAAPPVGEKRFMPPEPPPSW SGIRNATHFSPVCPQNIHNAVPEIMLPIWFTSNLDIVATYIQDPNEDCLY LNIYIPTEDVKRISKECTRKPNKKICRKGGASAKKQGEDLADNDGDEDED IRDSGAKPVMVYIHGGSYMEGTGNMIDGSVLASYGNVIVITLNYRVGVLG FLSTGDQAAKGNYGLLDQIQALRWVSENIAFFGGDPLRITVFGSGIGASC VSLLTLSHHSEGLFQRAIIQSGSALSSWAVNYQPVKYTSMLADKVGCNVL DTVDMVDCLRQKSAKELVEQDIQPARYHVAFGPVIDGDVIPDDPEILMEQ GEFLNYDIMLGVNQGEGLKFVEGVVDPEDGVSGSDFDYSVSNFVDNLYGY PEGKDTLRETIKFMYTDWADRDNPETRRKTLVALFTDHQWVEPSVVTADL HARYGSPTYFYAFYHHCQSLMKPAWSDAAHGDEVPYVFGIPMIGPTDLFP CNFSKNDVMLSAVVMTYWTNFAKTGDPNKPVPQDTKFIHTKANRFEEVAW SKYNPRDQLYLHIGLKPRVRDHYRATKVAFWKHLVPHLYNLHDMFHYTST TTKVPPPDTTQNSHITRRPNGKIWTTKRPAISPAYNSENGKEKWSPEQEA GTLLESPRDYSTELSVTIAVGASLLFLNVLAFAALYYRKDKRRQDTHRQP SPQRGAANDIAHAPDEEMPSLQAGQAHHECEAVPPHDTLRLAALPDYTLT LRRSPDDIPLMTPNTITMIPNSLVGLQTLHPYNTFAAGFNSTGLPHSHST TRV
Neuroligins constitute a family of transmembrane proteins localized at the postsynaptic side of both excitatory and inhibitory synapses of the central nervous system. They are involved in synaptic function and maturation and recent studies have linked mutations in specific human Neuroligins to mental retardation and autism. We isolated the human Neuroligin homologs in Danio rerio. Next, we studied their gene structures and we reconstructed the evolution of the Neuroligin genes across vertebrate phyla. Using reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, we analyzed the expression and alternative splicing pattern of each gene during zebrafish embryonic development and in different adult organs. By in situ hybridization, we analyzed the temporal and spatial expression pattern during embryonic development and larval stages and we found that zebrafish Neuroligins are expressed throughout the nervous system. Globally, our results indicate that, during evolution, specific subfunctionalization events occurred within paralogous members of this gene family in zebrafish.
Title: Alternative splicing of neuroligin and its protein distribution in the outer plexiform layer of the chicken retina Wahlin KJ, Hackler L, Jr., Adler R, Zack DJ Ref: Journal of Comparative Neurology, 518:4938, 2010 : PubMed
Although synaptogenesis within the retina is obviously essential for vision, mechanisms responsible for the initiation and maintenance of retinal synapses are poorly understood. In addition to its scientific interest, understanding retinal synapse formation is becoming clinically relevant with ongoing efforts to develop transplantation-based approaches for the treatment of retinal degenerative disease. To extend our understanding, we have focused on the chick model system and have studied the neuroligin family of neuronal adhesion factors that has been shown to participate in synapse assembly in the brain. We identified chicken orthologs of neuroligins 1, -3, and -4, but could find no evidence of neuroligin 2. We investigated temporal and spatial patterns of mRNA and protein expression during development using standard polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), quantitative PCR (QPCR), laser-capture microdissection (LCM), and confocal microscopy. At the mRNA level, neuroligins were detected at the earliest period tested, embryonic day (ED)5, which precedes the period of inner retina synaptogenesis. Significant alternative splicing was observed through development. While neuroligin gene products were generally detected in the inner retina, low levels of neuroligin 1 mRNA were also detected in the photoreceptor layer. Neuroligin 3 and -4 transcripts, on the other hand, were only detected in the inner retina. At retinal synapses neuroligin 1 protein was detected in the inner plexiform layer, but its highest levels were detected in the outer plexiform layer on the tips of horizontal cell dendrites. This work lays the groundwork for future studies on the functional roles of the neuroligins within the retina.
We present here a draft genome sequence of the red jungle fowl, Gallus gallus. Because the chicken is a modern descendant of the dinosaurs and the first non-mammalian amniote to have its genome sequenced, the draft sequence of its genome--composed of approximately one billion base pairs of sequence and an estimated 20,000-23,000 genes--provides a new perspective on vertebrate genome evolution, while also improving the annotation of mammalian genomes. For example, the evolutionary distance between chicken and human provides high specificity in detecting functional elements, both non-coding and coding. Notably, many conserved non-coding sequences are far from genes and cannot be assigned to defined functional classes. In coding regions the evolutionary dynamics of protein domains and orthologous groups illustrate processes that distinguish the lineages leading to birds and mammals. The distinctive properties of avian microchromosomes, together with the inferred patterns of conserved synteny, provide additional insights into vertebrate chromosome architecture.
