(Below N is a link to NCBI taxonomic web page and E link to ESTHER at designed phylum.) > cellular organisms: NE > Eukaryota: NE > Opisthokonta: NE > Fungi: NE > Dikarya: NE > Basidiomycota: NE > Agaricomycotina: NE > Agaricomycetes: NE > Agaricomycetidae: NE > Agaricales: NE > Strophariaceae: NE > Galerina: NE > Galerina marginata: NE
LegendThis sequence has been compared to family alignement (MSA) red => minority aminoacid blue => majority aminoacid color intensity => conservation rate title => sequence position(MSA position)aminoacid rate Catalytic site Catalytic site in the MSA MARTPWLPNAYPPARRSDHVDIYKSALRGDVRVQDPYQWLEEYTDETDKW TTAQEVFTRTYLDKNPDLPRLEKAFQACNDYPKSYAPYLHDDNRWYWYYN SGLEPQTALYRSKDSSLPDLSTADGSGGDLFFDPNALSNDGTAALSTYAF SDCGKYFAYGISFSGSDFVTIYVRLTDSPLTKDVDAKNDKGRLPEEIKFV KFSSIGWTPDSKGFFYQRYPDTSTVTQENGPIATEGDLDAMVYYHRLGTP QSEDTLIYQDKEHRDWMFSIDVTDDGNYLLLYILKDSSRQNLLWIAAFDP ANLGPNIKWQKVFDEYHSEYEIITNKGSLFYVRTNESAPQYRVITVDIAK GNEINELIPETDAYLSSITSVNKGYFALVYKRNVKDEVYVYSHAGNQLAR LAEDFVGAAHVSGREKHSSFFVELNGFTSPGTIGRYKFTDPEEQRWSIYR TTKLNGLNTEDFEASQVWYESKDGTSIPMFIVRHKSTKFDGTAPVIQYGY GGFSISIDPFFSATILTFLQKYGVVFALPNIRGGGEFGEDWHLAGCREKK GNCFDDFIAATQYLVKNKYAAPDKVTINGGSNGGLLVSACVNRAPEGTFG CAVADVGVHDLLKFHKFTIGKAWTSDYGNPDDPNDFDFIFPISPLQNIPK DKVFPPMLLLTADHDDRVVPMHSFKLAAELQYSLPHNPNPLLIRIDKKAG HGAGKSTQQKIKESADKWGFVAQSLGLVWKDSTEQPNL
Basidiomycota (basidiomycetes) make up 32% of the described fungi and include most wood-decaying species, as well as pathogens and mutualistic symbionts. Wood-decaying basidiomycetes have typically been classified as either white rot or brown rot, based on the ability (in white rot only) to degrade lignin along with cellulose and hemicellulose. Prior genomic comparisons suggested that the two decay modes can be distinguished based on the presence or absence of ligninolytic class II peroxidases (PODs), as well as the abundance of enzymes acting directly on crystalline cellulose (reduced in brown rot). To assess the generality of the white-rot/brown-rot classification paradigm, we compared the genomes of 33 basidiomycetes, including four newly sequenced wood decayers, and performed phylogenetically informed principal-components analysis (PCA) of a broad range of gene families encoding plant biomass-degrading enzymes. The newly sequenced Botryobasidium botryosum and Jaapia argillacea genomes lack PODs but possess diverse enzymes acting on crystalline cellulose, and they group close to the model white-rot species Phanerochaete chrysosporium in the PCA. Furthermore, laboratory assays showed that both B. botryosum and J. argillacea can degrade all polymeric components of woody plant cell walls, a characteristic of white rot. We also found expansions in reducing polyketide synthase genes specific to the brown-rot fungi. Our results suggest a continuum rather than a dichotomy between the white-rot and brown-rot modes of wood decay. A more nuanced categorization of rot types is needed, based on an improved understanding of the genomics and biochemistry of wood decay.
Amatoxins, including alpha-amanitin, are bicyclic octapeptides found in mushrooms (Agaricomycetes, Agaricales) of certain species in the genera Amanita, Galerina, Lepiota, and Conocybe. Amatoxins and the chemically similar phallotoxins are synthesized on ribosomes in Amanita bisporigera, Amanita phalloides, and Amanita ocreata. In order to determine if amatoxins are synthesized by a similar mechanism in another, distantly related mushroom, we obtained genome survey sequence data from a monokaryotic isolate of Galerinamarginata, which produces alpha-amanitin. The genome of G. marginata contains two copies of the alpha-amanitin gene (GmAMA1-1 and GmAMA1-2). The alpha-amanitin proprotein sequences of G. marginata (35 amino acids) are highly divergent from AMA1 of A. bisporigera except for the toxin region itself (IWGIGCNP in single-letter amino acid code) and the amino acids immediately upstream (N[A/S]TRLP). G. marginata does not contain any related toxin-encoding sequences besides GmAMA1-1 and GmAMA1-2. DNA from two other alpha-amanitin-producing isolates of Galerina (G. badipes and G. venenata) hybridized to GmAMA1, whereas DNA from the toxin non-producing species Galerinahybrida did not. Expression of the GmAMA1 genes was induced by growth on low carbon. RNASeq evidence indicates that both copies of GmAMA1 are expressed approximately equally. A prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) is strongly implicated in processing of the cyclic peptide toxins of A. bisporigera and Conocybe apala. G. marginata has two predicted POP genes; one, like AbPOPB of A. bisporigera, is present only in the toxin-producing isolates of Galerina and the other, like AbPOPA of A. bisporigera, is present in all species. Our results indicate that G.marginata biosynthesizes amatoxins on ribosomes by a pathway similar to Amanita species, involving a genetically encoded proprotein of 35 amino acids that is post-translationally processed by a POP. However, due to the high degree of divergence, the evolutionary relationship between AMA1 in the genera Amanita and Galerina is unclear.
Galerina marginata Prolyl oligopeptidase POPB