Gene_locus Report for: gibm7-dlh1Gibberella moniliformis (strain M3125 / FGSC 7600) (Maize ear and stalk rot fungus) (Fusarium verticillioides). Fusarium detoxification of benzoxazolinone cluster 1 protein DLH1 Relationship
(Below N is a link to NCBI taxonomic web page and E link to ESTHER at designed phylum.) There are 26 a/b hydrolases in Gibberella moniliformis view in a: Table
ABHD11-Acetyl_transferase : gibm7-w7mt52Gibberella moniliformis (strain M3125 / FGSC 7600) (Maize ear and stalk rot fungus) (Fusarium verticillioides). Uncharacterized protein. ABHD13-BEM46 : gibm7-w7mv30Gibberella moniliformis (strain M3125 / FGSC 7600) (Maize ear and stalk rot fungus) (Fusarium verticillioides). Hydrolase_4 domain-containing protein. Canar_LipB : gibm7-w7n1b5Gibberella moniliformis (strain M3125 / FGSC 7600) (Maize ear and stalk rot fungus) (Fusarium verticillioides) Uncharacterized protein. Carb_B_Bacteria : gibm7-w7m4v2Gibberella moniliformis (strain M3125 / FGSC 7600) (Maize ear and stalk rot fungus) (Fusarium verticillioides) (contaminant from bacteria?). Uncharacterized protein. Fungal_carboxylesterase_lipase : gibm7-w7mak5Gibberella moniliformis (strain M3125 / FGSC 7600) (Maize ear and stalk rot fungus) (Fusarium verticillioides). Uncharacterized protein, gibm7-w7mum7Gibberella moniliformis (strain M3125 / FGSC 7600) (Maize ear and stalk rot fungus) (Fusarium verticillioides). Uncharacterized protein, gibm7-w7maw6Gibberella moniliformis (strain M3125 / FGSC 7600) (Maize ear and stalk rot fungus) (Fusarium verticillioides). Uncharacterized protein, gibm7-w7msi0Gibberella moniliformis (strain M3125 / FGSC 7600) (Maize ear and stalk rot fungus) (Fusarium verticillioides). Uncharacterized protein, gibm7-w7luf0Gibberella moniliformis (strain M3125 / FGSC 7600) (Maize ear and stalk rot fungus) (Fusarium verticillioides). Uncharacterized protein, gibm7-w7msa3Gibberella moniliformis (strain M3125 / FGSC 7600) (Maize ear and stalk rot fungus) (Fusarium verticillioides). Uncharacterized protein, gibm7-w7mna8Gibberella moniliformis (strain M3125 / FGSC 7600) (Maize ear and stalk rot fungus) (Fusarium verticillioides). Uncharacterized protein, gibm7-w7n8b7Gibberella moniliformis (strain M3125 / FGSC 7600) (Maize ear and stalk rot fungus) (Fusarium verticillioides). Uncharacterized protein, gibm7-w7n564Gibberella moniliformis (strain M3125 / FGSC 7600) (Maize ear and stalk rot fungus) (Fusarium verticillioides). Uncharacterized protein, gibm7-w7ngc3Gibberella moniliformis (strain M3125 / FGSC 7600) (Maize ear and stalk rot fungus) (Fusarium verticillioides). Uncharacterized protein, gibm7-w7m4v6Gibberella moniliformis (strain M3125 / FGSC 7600) (Maize ear and stalk rot fungus) (Fusarium verticillioides). Uncharacterized protein, gibm7-w7lt61Gibberella moniliformis (strain M3125 / FGSC 7600) (Maize ear and stalk rot fungus) (Fusarium verticillioides). Uncharacterized protein, gibm7-w7mly6Gibberella moniliformis (strain M3125 / FGSC 7600) (Maize ear and stalk rot fungus) (Fusarium verticillioides). Uncharacterized protein, gibm7-w7ncn3Gibberella moniliformis (strain M3125 / FGSC 7600) (Maize ear and stalk rot fungus) (Fusarium verticillioides). Uncharacterized protein. GTSAGmotif : gibm7-w7n497Gibberella moniliformis (strain M3125 / FGSC 7600) (Maize ear and stalk rot fungus) (Fusarium verticillioides) Uncharacterized protein. HOD-cofactorfree-dioxygenase : gibm7-w7mcf8Gibberella moniliformis (strain M3125 / FGSC 7600) (Maize ear and stalk rot fungus) (Fusarium verticillioides). Uncharacterized protein. Hormone-sensitive_lipase_like : gibm7-fdb39Gibberella moniliformis (strain M3125 / FGSC 7600) (Maize ear and stalk rot fungus) (Fusarium verticillioides). Fusarium detoxification of benzoxazolinone cluster 2 protein FVEG_12639. Kynurenine-formamidase : gibm7-w7n526Gibberella moniliformis (strain M3125 / FGSC 7600) (Maize ear and stalk rot fungus) (Fusarium verticillioides). N-formylkynurenine formamidase, gibm7-w7muq1Gibberella moniliformis (strain M3125 / FGSC 7600) (Maize ear and stalk rot fungus) (Fusarium verticillioides). N-formylkynurenine formamidase. Thioesterase : gibmo-q6rkl1Gibberella moniliformis polyketide synthase (fragment). Thiohydrolase : gibm7-w7n4n0Gibberella moniliformis (Maize ear and stalk rot fungus) (Fusarium verticillioides); Gibberella nygamai (Bean root rot disease fungus) (Fusarium nygamai).; Fusarium oxysporum, Hydrolase_4 domain-containing protein
Sequence
References 2 more
Ma LJ, van der Does HC, Borkovich KA, Coleman JJ, Daboussi MJ, Di Pietro A, Dufresne M, Freitag M, Grabherr M and Rep M <53 more author(s)> Ma LJ, van der Does HC, Borkovich KA, Coleman JJ, Daboussi MJ, Di Pietro A, Dufresne M, Freitag M, Grabherr M, Henrissat B, Houterman PM, Kang S, Shim WB, Woloshuk C, Xie X, Xu JR, Antoniw J, Baker SE, Bluhm BH, Breakspear A, Brown DW, Butchko RA, Chapman S, Coulson R, Coutinho PM, Danchin EG, Diener A, Gale LR, Gardiner DM, Goff S, Hammond-Kosack KE, Hilburn K, Hua-Van A, Jonkers W, Kazan K, Kodira CD, Koehrsen M, Kumar L, Lee YH, Li L, Manners JM, Miranda-Saavedra D, Mukherjee M, Park G, Park J, Park SY, Proctor RH, Regev A, Ruiz-Roldan MC, Sain D, Sakthikumar S, Sykes S, Schwartz DC, Turgeon BG, Wapinski I, Yoder O, Young S, Zeng Q, Zhou S, Galagan J, Cuomo CA, Kistler HC, Rep M (- 53) Ref: Nature, 464:367, 2010 : PubMed ESTHER: Ma_2010_Nature_464_367 PubMedSearch: Ma 2010 Nature 464 367 PubMedID: 20237561 Gene_locus related to this paper: fusox-a0a1d3s5h0, gibf5-fus2, fusof-f9f2k2, fusof-f9f3l6, fusof-f9f6t8, fusof-f9f6v2, fusof-f9f132, fusof-f9f781, fusof-f9fd72, fusof-f9fd90, fusof-f9fem0, fusof-f9fhk2, fusof-f9fj19, fusof-f9fj20, fusof-f9fki8, fusof-f9fmx2, fusof-f9fnt4, fusof-f9fpy4, fusof-f9fvs6, fusof-f9fwu0, fusof-f9fxz4, fusof-f9fzy5, fusof-f9g2a2, fusof-f9g3b1, fusof-f9g5h7, fusof-f9g6e6, fusof-f9g6y7, fusof-f9g7b0, fusof-f9g797, fusof-f9g972, fusof-f9ga50, fusof-f9gck4, fusof-f9gd15, gibze-a8w610, gibze-b1pdn0, gibze-i1r9e6, gibze-i1rda9, gibze-i1rdk7, gibze-i1rec8, gibze-i1rgs0, gibze-i1rgy0, gibze-i1rh52, gibze-i1rhi8, gibze-i1rig9, gibze-i1rip5, gibze-i1rpg6, gibze-i1rsg2, gibze-i1rv36, gibze-i1rxm5, gibze-i1rxp8, gibze-i1rxv5, gibze-i1s1u3, gibze-i1s3j9, gibze-i1s6l7, gibze-i1s8i8, gibze-i1s9x4, gibze-q4huy1, gibze-i1rg17, fuso4-j9mvr9, fuso4-j9ngs6, fuso4-j9niq8, fuso4-j9nqm2, gibze-i1rb76, gibze-i1s1m7, gibze-i1s3z6, gibze-i1rd78, gibze-i1rgl9, gibze-i1rjp7, gibze-i1s1q6, gibze-i1ri35, gibze-i1rf76, gibze-i1rhp3, fusc1-n4uj11, fusc4-n1s9p6, gibf5-s0dqr2, gibm7-w7n1b5, fusof-f9g6q0, gibm7-w7n497, fusox-x0bme4, gibm7-w7mcf8, gibm7-w7mak5, fusox-x0a2c5, gibm7-w7mum7, fusox-w9iyc7, gibm7-w7maw6, gibm7-w7msi0, gibm7-w7luf0, gibm7-w7msa3, gibm7-w7mna8, gibm7-w7n8b7, gibm7-w7n564, fusox-w9jpi0, gibm7-w7ngc3, gibm7-w7m4v6, gibm7-w7m4v2, gibm7-w7lt61, gibm7-w7mly6, gibm7-w7ncn3, fusox-w9ibd7, fusof-f9fnm6, gibm7-w7n526, gibza-a0a016pda4, gibza-a0a016pl96, gibm7-w7muq1, fusof-f9gfd3, gibm7-w7mt52, gibze-i1rjb5, gibf5-s0ehu3, fusox-w9hvf0, gibze-i1rkc4, gibm7-w7mv30, gibze-a0a1c3ylb1, fuso4-a0a0c4diy4, gibm7-w7n4n0, gibze-gra11, gibze-fsl2, gibf5-fub4, gibf5-fub5, gibf5-fus5, gibm7-dlh1 Abstract Fusarium species are among the most important phytopathogenic and toxigenic fungi. To understand the molecular underpinnings of pathogenicity in the genus Fusarium, we compared the genomes of three phenotypically diverse species: Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Our analysis revealed lineage-specific (LS) genomic regions in F. oxysporum that include four entire chromosomes and account for more than one-quarter of the genome. LS regions are rich in transposons and genes with distinct evolutionary profiles but related to pathogenicity, indicative of horizontal acquisition. Experimentally, we demonstrate the transfer of two LS chromosomes between strains of F. oxysporum, converting a non-pathogenic strain into a pathogen. Transfer of LS chromosomes between otherwise genetically isolated strains explains the polyphyletic origin of host specificity and the emergence of new pathogenic lineages in F. oxysporum. These findings put the evolution of fungal pathogenicity into a new perspective. Title: Identification of intermediate and branch metabolites resulting from biotransformation of 2-benzoxazolinone by Fusarium verticillioides Glenn AE, Meredith FI, Morrison WH, 3rd, Bacon CW Ref: Applied Environmental Microbiology, 69:3165, 2003 : PubMed ESTHER: Glenn_2003_Appl.Environ.Microbiol_69_3165 PubMedSearch: Glenn 2003 Appl.Environ.Microbiol 69 3165 PubMedID: 12788712 Gene_locus related to this paper: gibm7-fdb39, gibm7-dlh1 Abstract Detoxification of the maize (Zea mays) antimicrobial compound 2-benzoxazolinone by the fungal endophyte Fusarium verticillioides involves two genetic loci, FDB1 and FDB2, and results in the formation of N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)malonamic acid. Intermediate and branch metabolites were previously suggested to be part of the biotransformation pathway. Evidence is presented here in support of 2-aminophenol as the intermediate metabolite and 2-acetamidophenol as the branch metabolite, which was previously designated as BOA-X. Overall, 2-benzoxazolinone metabolism involves hydrolysis (FDB1) to produce 2-aminophenol, which is then modified (FDB2) by addition of a malonyl group to produce N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)malonamic acid. If the modification is prevented due to genetic mutation (fbd2), then 2-acetamidophenol may accumulate as a result of addition of an acetyl group to 2-aminophenol. This study resolves the overall chemistry of the 2-benzoxazolinone detoxification pathway, and we hypothesize that biotransformation of the related antimicrobial 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone to produce N-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)malonamic acid also occurs via the same enzymatic modifications. Detoxification of these antimicrobials by F. verticillioides apparently is not a major virulence factor but may enhance the ecological fitness of the fungus during colonization of maize stubble and field debris. Title: Fdb1 and Fdb2, Fusarium verticillioides loci necessary for detoxification of preformed antimicrobials from corn Glenn AE, Gold SE, Bacon CW Ref: Mol Plant Microbe Interact, 15:91, 2002 : PubMed ESTHER: Glenn_2002_Mol.Plant.Microbe.Interact_15_91 PubMedSearch: Glenn 2002 Mol.Plant.Microbe.Interact 15 91 PubMedID: 11876429 Gene_locus related to this paper: gibm7-fdb39, gibm7-dlh1 Abstract Fusarium verticillioides is a fungus of significant economic importance because of its deleterious effects on plant and animal health and on the quality of their products. Corn (Zea mays) is the primary host for F. verticillioides, and we have investigated the impact of the plant's antimicrobial compounds (DIMBOA, DIBOA, MBOA, and BOA) on fungal virulence and systemic colonization. F. verticillioides is able to metabolize these antimicrobials, and genetic analyses indicated two loci, Fdb1 and Fdb2, were involved in detoxification. Mutation at either locus caused sensitivity and no detoxification. In vitro physiological complementation assays resulted in detoxification of BOA and suggested that an unknown intermediate compound was produced. Production of the intermediate compound involved Fdbl, and a lesion in fdb2 preventing complete metabolism of BOA resulted in transformation of the intermediate into an unidentified metabolite. Based on genetic and physiological data, a branched detoxification pathway is proposed. Use of genetically characterized detoxifying and nondetoxifying strains indicated that detoxification of the corn antimicrobials was not a major virulence factor, since detoxification was not necessary for development of severe seedling blight or for infection and endophytic colonization of seedlings. Production of the antimicrobials does not appear to be a highly effective resistance mechanism against F. verticillioides. 2 less
Glenn AE, Davis CB, Gao M, Gold SE, Mitchell TR, Proctor RH, Stewart JE, Snook ME Ref: PLoS ONE, 11:e0147486, 2016 : PubMed ESTHER: Glenn_2016_PLoS.ONE_11_e0147486 PubMedSearch: Glenn 2016 PLoS.ONE 11 e0147486 PubMedID: 26808652 Gene_locus related to this paper: gibm7-fdb39, gibm7-dlh1 Abstract Microbes encounter a broad spectrum of antimicrobial compounds in their environments and often possess metabolic strategies to detoxify such xenobiotics. We have previously shown that Fusarium verticillioides, a fungal pathogen of maize known for its production of fumonisin mycotoxins, possesses two unlinked loci, FDB1 and FDB2, necessary for detoxification of antimicrobial compounds produced by maize, including the gamma-lactam 2-benzoxazolinone (BOA). In support of these earlier studies, microarray analysis of F. verticillioides exposed to BOA identified the induction of multiple genes at FDB1 and FDB2, indicating the loci consist of gene clusters. One of the FDB1 cluster genes encoded a protein having domain homology to the metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) superfamily. Deletion of this gene (MBL1) rendered F. verticillioides incapable of metabolizing BOA and thus unable to grow on BOA-amended media. Deletion of other FDB1 cluster genes, in particular AMD1 and DLH1, did not affect BOA degradation. Phylogenetic analyses and topology testing of the FDB1 and FDB2 cluster genes suggested two horizontal transfer events among fungi, one being transfer of FDB1 from Fusarium to Colletotrichum, and the second being transfer of the FDB2 cluster from Fusarium to Aspergillus. Together, the results suggest that plant-derived xenobiotics have exerted evolutionary pressure on these fungi, leading to horizontal transfer of genes that enhance fitness or virulence. Title: Comparative genomics reveals mobile pathogenicity chromosomes in Fusarium Ma LJ, van der Does HC, Borkovich KA, Coleman JJ, Daboussi MJ, Di Pietro A, Dufresne M, Freitag M, Grabherr M and Rep M <53 more author(s)> Ma LJ, van der Does HC, Borkovich KA, Coleman JJ, Daboussi MJ, Di Pietro A, Dufresne M, Freitag M, Grabherr M, Henrissat B, Houterman PM, Kang S, Shim WB, Woloshuk C, Xie X, Xu JR, Antoniw J, Baker SE, Bluhm BH, Breakspear A, Brown DW, Butchko RA, Chapman S, Coulson R, Coutinho PM, Danchin EG, Diener A, Gale LR, Gardiner DM, Goff S, Hammond-Kosack KE, Hilburn K, Hua-Van A, Jonkers W, Kazan K, Kodira CD, Koehrsen M, Kumar L, Lee YH, Li L, Manners JM, Miranda-Saavedra D, Mukherjee M, Park G, Park J, Park SY, Proctor RH, Regev A, Ruiz-Roldan MC, Sain D, Sakthikumar S, Sykes S, Schwartz DC, Turgeon BG, Wapinski I, Yoder O, Young S, Zeng Q, Zhou S, Galagan J, Cuomo CA, Kistler HC, Rep M (- 53) Ref: Nature, 464:367, 2010 : PubMed ESTHER: Ma_2010_Nature_464_367 PubMedSearch: Ma 2010 Nature 464 367 PubMedID: 20237561 Gene_locus related to this paper: fusox-a0a1d3s5h0, gibf5-fus2, fusof-f9f2k2, fusof-f9f3l6, fusof-f9f6t8, fusof-f9f6v2, fusof-f9f132, fusof-f9f781, fusof-f9fd72, fusof-f9fd90, fusof-f9fem0, fusof-f9fhk2, fusof-f9fj19, fusof-f9fj20, fusof-f9fki8, fusof-f9fmx2, fusof-f9fnt4, fusof-f9fpy4, fusof-f9fvs6, fusof-f9fwu0, fusof-f9fxz4, fusof-f9fzy5, fusof-f9g2a2, fusof-f9g3b1, fusof-f9g5h7, fusof-f9g6e6, fusof-f9g6y7, fusof-f9g7b0, fusof-f9g797, fusof-f9g972, fusof-f9ga50, fusof-f9gck4, fusof-f9gd15, gibze-a8w610, gibze-b1pdn0, gibze-i1r9e6, gibze-i1rda9, gibze-i1rdk7, gibze-i1rec8, gibze-i1rgs0, gibze-i1rgy0, gibze-i1rh52, gibze-i1rhi8, gibze-i1rig9, gibze-i1rip5, gibze-i1rpg6, gibze-i1rsg2, gibze-i1rv36, gibze-i1rxm5, gibze-i1rxp8, gibze-i1rxv5, gibze-i1s1u3, gibze-i1s3j9, gibze-i1s6l7, gibze-i1s8i8, gibze-i1s9x4, gibze-q4huy1, gibze-i1rg17, fuso4-j9mvr9, fuso4-j9ngs6, fuso4-j9niq8, fuso4-j9nqm2, gibze-i1rb76, gibze-i1s1m7, gibze-i1s3z6, gibze-i1rd78, gibze-i1rgl9, gibze-i1rjp7, gibze-i1s1q6, gibze-i1ri35, gibze-i1rf76, gibze-i1rhp3, fusc1-n4uj11, fusc4-n1s9p6, gibf5-s0dqr2, gibm7-w7n1b5, fusof-f9g6q0, gibm7-w7n497, fusox-x0bme4, gibm7-w7mcf8, gibm7-w7mak5, fusox-x0a2c5, gibm7-w7mum7, fusox-w9iyc7, gibm7-w7maw6, gibm7-w7msi0, gibm7-w7luf0, gibm7-w7msa3, gibm7-w7mna8, gibm7-w7n8b7, gibm7-w7n564, fusox-w9jpi0, gibm7-w7ngc3, gibm7-w7m4v6, gibm7-w7m4v2, gibm7-w7lt61, gibm7-w7mly6, gibm7-w7ncn3, fusox-w9ibd7, fusof-f9fnm6, gibm7-w7n526, gibza-a0a016pda4, gibza-a0a016pl96, gibm7-w7muq1, fusof-f9gfd3, gibm7-w7mt52, gibze-i1rjb5, gibf5-s0ehu3, fusox-w9hvf0, gibze-i1rkc4, gibm7-w7mv30, gibze-a0a1c3ylb1, fuso4-a0a0c4diy4, gibm7-w7n4n0, gibze-gra11, gibze-fsl2, gibf5-fub4, gibf5-fub5, gibf5-fus5, gibm7-dlh1 Abstract Fusarium species are among the most important phytopathogenic and toxigenic fungi. To understand the molecular underpinnings of pathogenicity in the genus Fusarium, we compared the genomes of three phenotypically diverse species: Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Our analysis revealed lineage-specific (LS) genomic regions in F. oxysporum that include four entire chromosomes and account for more than one-quarter of the genome. LS regions are rich in transposons and genes with distinct evolutionary profiles but related to pathogenicity, indicative of horizontal acquisition. Experimentally, we demonstrate the transfer of two LS chromosomes between strains of F. oxysporum, converting a non-pathogenic strain into a pathogen. Transfer of LS chromosomes between otherwise genetically isolated strains explains the polyphyletic origin of host specificity and the emergence of new pathogenic lineages in F. oxysporum. These findings put the evolution of fungal pathogenicity into a new perspective. Title: FDB2 encodes a member of the arylamine N-acetyltransferase family and is necessary for biotransformation of benzoxazolinones by Fusarium verticillioides Glenn AE, Bacon CW Ref: J Appl Microbiol, 107:657, 2009 : PubMed ESTHER: Glenn_2009_J.Appl.Microbiol_107_657 PubMedSearch: Glenn 2009 J.Appl.Microbiol 107 657 PubMedID: 19302487 Gene_locus related to this paper: gibm7-fdb39, gibm7-dlh1 Abstract AIMS: To clone and characterize genes from the mycotoxigenic fungus, Fusarium verticillioides, which are associated with its ability to biotransform allelopathic benzoxazolinones produced by maize, wheat, and rye. METHODS AND RESULTS: Suppression subtractive hybridization identified F. verticillioides genes up-regulated in response to 2-benzoxazolinone (BOA), including a cluster of genes along chromosome 3. One of these genes, putatively encoding an arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT), was highly represented in the subtracted library and was of particular interest since previous analyses identified the FDB2 locus as possibly encoding transferase activity. The gene was subcloned and complemented a natural fdb2 mutant. Conversely, disruption of the gene eliminated the ability of F. verticillioides to metabolize BOA. Other genes in the cluster also were assessed using a complementation assay. Metabolic profiles of fdb2 mutants suggest that minor acylation activity occurred independently of the NAT activity encoded by FDB2. CONCLUSIONS: The previously defined FDB2 locus was functionally associated with the gene encoding putative NAT activity, and the FDB2 gene was essential for biotransformation of BOA. The flanking gene FDB3 encodes a putative Zn(II)2Cys6 transcription factor and contributes to efficient BOA biotransformation but was not essential. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Biotransformation of benzoxazolinones by F. verticillioides may enhance its ecological fitness in maize field environments and our results provide greater understanding of the genes that modulate the biotransformation process. Additionally, this is the first homologue of the NAT gene family to be characterized in a filamentous fungus. Title: Identification of intermediate and branch metabolites resulting from biotransformation of 2-benzoxazolinone by Fusarium verticillioides Glenn AE, Meredith FI, Morrison WH, 3rd, Bacon CW Ref: Applied Environmental Microbiology, 69:3165, 2003 : PubMed ESTHER: Glenn_2003_Appl.Environ.Microbiol_69_3165 PubMedSearch: Glenn 2003 Appl.Environ.Microbiol 69 3165 PubMedID: 12788712 Gene_locus related to this paper: gibm7-fdb39, gibm7-dlh1 Abstract Detoxification of the maize (Zea mays) antimicrobial compound 2-benzoxazolinone by the fungal endophyte Fusarium verticillioides involves two genetic loci, FDB1 and FDB2, and results in the formation of N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)malonamic acid. Intermediate and branch metabolites were previously suggested to be part of the biotransformation pathway. Evidence is presented here in support of 2-aminophenol as the intermediate metabolite and 2-acetamidophenol as the branch metabolite, which was previously designated as BOA-X. Overall, 2-benzoxazolinone metabolism involves hydrolysis (FDB1) to produce 2-aminophenol, which is then modified (FDB2) by addition of a malonyl group to produce N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)malonamic acid. If the modification is prevented due to genetic mutation (fbd2), then 2-acetamidophenol may accumulate as a result of addition of an acetyl group to 2-aminophenol. This study resolves the overall chemistry of the 2-benzoxazolinone detoxification pathway, and we hypothesize that biotransformation of the related antimicrobial 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone to produce N-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)malonamic acid also occurs via the same enzymatic modifications. Detoxification of these antimicrobials by F. verticillioides apparently is not a major virulence factor but may enhance the ecological fitness of the fungus during colonization of maize stubble and field debris. Title: Fdb1 and Fdb2, Fusarium verticillioides loci necessary for detoxification of preformed antimicrobials from corn Glenn AE, Gold SE, Bacon CW Ref: Mol Plant Microbe Interact, 15:91, 2002 : PubMed ESTHER: Glenn_2002_Mol.Plant.Microbe.Interact_15_91 PubMedSearch: Glenn 2002 Mol.Plant.Microbe.Interact 15 91 PubMedID: 11876429 Gene_locus related to this paper: gibm7-fdb39, gibm7-dlh1 Abstract Fusarium verticillioides is a fungus of significant economic importance because of its deleterious effects on plant and animal health and on the quality of their products. Corn (Zea mays) is the primary host for F. verticillioides, and we have investigated the impact of the plant's antimicrobial compounds (DIMBOA, DIBOA, MBOA, and BOA) on fungal virulence and systemic colonization. F. verticillioides is able to metabolize these antimicrobials, and genetic analyses indicated two loci, Fdb1 and Fdb2, were involved in detoxification. Mutation at either locus caused sensitivity and no detoxification. In vitro physiological complementation assays resulted in detoxification of BOA and suggested that an unknown intermediate compound was produced. Production of the intermediate compound involved Fdbl, and a lesion in fdb2 preventing complete metabolism of BOA resulted in transformation of the intermediate into an unidentified metabolite. Based on genetic and physiological data, a branched detoxification pathway is proposed. Use of genetically characterized detoxifying and nondetoxifying strains indicated that detoxification of the corn antimicrobials was not a major virulence factor, since detoxification was not necessary for development of severe seedling blight or for infection and endophytic colonization of seedlings. Production of the antimicrobials does not appear to be a highly effective resistance mechanism against F. verticillioides. Other Papers | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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