Gene_locus Report for: mouse-PPT2 Mus musculus (Mouse) palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 2
Relationship
(Below N is a link to NCBI taxonomic web page and E link to ESTHER at designed phylum.) > cellular organisms: N E > Eukaryota: N E > Opisthokonta: N E > Metazoa: N E > Eumetazoa: N E > Bilateria: N E > Deuterostomia: N E > Chordata: N E > Craniata: N E > Vertebrata: N E > Gnathostomata: N E > Teleostomi: N E > Euteleostomi: N E > Sarcopterygii: N E > Dipnotetrapodomorpha: N E > Tetrapoda: N E > Amniota: N E > Mammalia: N E > Theria: N E > Eutheria: N E > Boreoeutheria: N E > Euarchontoglires: N E > Glires: N E > Rodentia: N E > Myomorpha: N E > Muroidea: N E > Muridae: N E > Murinae: N E > Mus [genus]: N E > Mus [subgenus]: N E > Mus musculus: N E
A85-EsteraseD-FGH :
mouse-ES10 Mus musculus esterase 10 .
ABHD6-Lip :
mouse-ABHD6 Mus musculus (Mouse) Monoacylglycerol lipase ABHD6 .
ABHD8 :
mouse-Abhd8 Mus musculus Q9JMF5-Abhd8 (Mouse) epoxide hydrolase (EC 3.3.2.3) .
ABHD10 :
mouse-abhda Mus musculus (Mouse) Abhydrolase domain-containing protein 10, mitochondrial.
ABHD11-Acetyl_transferase :
mouse-Abhd11 Mus musculus (Mouse) Abhydrolase domain-containing protein 11 Williams-Beuren syndrome chromosomal region 21 protein .
ABHD12-PHARC :
mouse-abd12 Mus musculus (Mouse) abhydrolase domain-containing protein 12 protein c20orf22 CT022 (fragment) ,
mouse-g3uzn6 Mus musculus (Mouse) Protein Abhd12b .
ABHD13-BEM46 :
mouse-Q80UX8 Mus musculus (Mouse) 1110065l07rik protein flj14906 fis Alpha/beta hydrolase domain-containing protein 13 .
ABHD16 :
mouse-Abhd16a Mus musculus (Mouse) Phosphatidylserine lipase ABHD16A, bat5 (hla-b-associated transcript 5) (ng26 protein) ,
mouse-Abhd16b Mus musculus (Mouse) similar to chromosome 20 open reading frame 135 .
ABHD17-depalmitoylase :
mouse-q7m759 Mus musculus (Mouse) cgi67 serine protease precursor ,
mouse-Q8VCV1 Mus musculus (Mouse) hypothetical protein ,
mouse-Q99JW1 Mus musculus (Mouse) similar to cgi-67 protein AB17A .
ABHD18 :
mouse-Q8C1A9 Mus musculus (Mouse)3110057O12RIK Hypothetical alpha/beta-Hydrolases/putative DNA-binding domain .
abh_upf0017 :
mouse-ABH15 Mus musculus (Mouse) alpha/beta-hydrolases domain-containing protein 15 ,
mouse-abhd1 Mus musculus (Mouse) lung alpha/beta hydrolase 1 (Labh1-pending) ,
mouse-abhd3 Mus musculus (Mouse) lung alpha/beta hydrolase fold protein 3 ,
mouse-ABHD2 Mus musculus (Mouse) alpha/beta hydrolase-2 fold protein 2210009N18RIK .
ACHE :
mouse-ACHE Mus musculus (Mouse) acetylcholinesterase.
Acidic_Lipase :
mouse-1lipg Mus musculus (Mouse) (EC 3.1.1.3) (Gastric lipase) (GL) 2310051b21rik protein ,
mouse-1llip Mus musculus (C57 Black/6X CBA) LAL mRNA for lysosomal acid lipase ,
mouse-LIPK Mus musculus (Mouse) LIPK Lipl2 weakly similar to triacylglycerol lipase ,
mouse-LIPM Mus musculus (Mouse) LIPM Lipm Lipl3 riken cdna 4632427c23 gene ,
mouse-LIPN Mus musculus (Mouse) lipase-like, ab-hydrolase domain containing 3 (fragment) ,
mouse-Lipo1 Mus musculus (Mouse) lipase, gastric (EC 3.1.1.3) (gastric lipase) (gl) ,
mouse-Lipo2 Mus musculus (Mouse) Lipo2 Lipase ,
mouse-Lipo4 Mus musculus (Mouse) Lipo4 Lipase .
ACPH_Peptidase_S9 :
mouse-apeh Mus musculus (Mouse) hydrolase) (aph) (acylaminoacyl-peptidase) .
Acyl-CoA_Thioesterase :
mouse-acnt1 Mus musculus (Mouse) Acyl-coenzyme A amino acid N-acyltransferase 1 ,
mouse-acot1 Mus musculus (Mouse) hydrolase) ACOT1 (cte-I) cytosolic long chain Acyl-CoA thioesterase ,
mouse-acot2 Mus musculus (Mouse) (EC 3.1.2.2) very-long-chain Acyl-CoA thioesterase (MTE-I) ACOT2 ,
mouse-acot3 Mus musculus (Mouse) (peroxisomal long-chain Acyl-CoA thioesterase 2) (pte-IA) (EC 3.1.2.2) ,
mouse-acot4 Mus musculus (Mouse) peroxisomal long chain Acyl-CoA thioesterase Ib (pte-Ib) (pte-2b) ,
mouse-acot5 Mus musculus (Mouse) (peroxisomal cytosolic Acyl-CoA thioesterase Ic) ,
mouse-BAAT Mus musculus (Mouse) bile acid CoA: amino acid n-acyltransferase (EC 3.1.2.2) ,
mouse-ACOT6 Mus musculus (Mouse)acyl-CoA thioesterase 6 (EC 3.1.2.2). Weakly similar to peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A thioester hydrolase2 ,
mouse-Q8BGG9 Mus musculus (Mouse) Similar to bile acid coenzyme A: amino acid N-acyltransferase .
Arb2_FAM172A :
mouse-f172a Mus musculus (Mouse). Cotranscriptional regulator FAM172A .
Arylacetamide_deacetylase :
mouse-adcl3 Mus musculus (Mouse) Arylacetamide deacetylase-like 3 ,
mouse-adcl4 Mus musculus (Mouse) Arylacetamide deacetylase-like 4 Hypothetical esterase/lipase/thioesterase family active site containing protein ,
mouse-aryla Mus musculus (Mouse) arylacetamide deacetylase and 5033417e09rik protein ,
mouse-Q8BLF1 Mus musculus (Mouse) KIAA1363 NCEH1 neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase 1 B230106I24RIK ,
mouse-b1avu7 Mus musculus (Mouse). Uncharacterized protein ,
mouse-b2rwd2 Mus musculus (Mouse). Arylacetamide deacetylase-like 2 ,
mouse-j3qpi0 Mus musculus (Mouse). Uncharacterized protein ,
mouse-w4vsp6 Mus musculus (Mouse). MCG67716 .
BCHE :
mouse-BCHE Mus musculus mRNA for butyrylcholinesterase .
Carboxypeptidase_S10 :
mouse-CPMac Mus musculus RIKEN 4933436L16RIK CPMac ,
mouse-Ppgb Mus musculus (Mouse) Lysosomal protective protein, Cathepsin A Ctsa, Protective protein for beta-galactosidase (Mo54) Ppgb,
mouse-RISC Mus musculus RISC retinoid-inducible serine carboxypeptidase HSCP1 (serine carboxypeptidase 1) .
Carb_B_Chordata :
mouse-cauxin Mus musculus (Mouse) est5a (Ces5a) est7 (Ces7) carboxylesterase-like urinary excreted protein ,
mouse-Ces1a Mus musculus Ces1a LOC2445 Q5FWH4 ,
mouse-Ces1b Mus musculus (Mouse) Putative uncharacterized protein Gm5158 ,
mouse-Ces1c Mus musculus mRNA for carboxylesterase, Ces1c lung surfactant convertase, Liver carboxylesterase N, PES-N clone MGC:18575 ,
mouse-Ces1d Mus musculus (Mouse) triacylglycerol hydrolase (tgh) Fatty acid ethyl ester synthase Carboxylesterase 3 (EC 3.1.1.1) ,
mouse-Ces1e Mus musculus esterase-22 (egasyn) Es-22 E.R.-targeting prot. of beta-glucuronidase ,
mouse-Ces1f Mus musculus (Mouse) carboxylesterase ML1, CESmML1 61.6 kda protein ES-4 (EC 3.1.1.1) ,
mouse-Ces1g Mus musculus Ces1g EST1 RIKEN 2cxes mRNA for carboxylesterase ,
mouse-Ces1h Mus musculus Ces1h RIKEN cDNA 2310039D24 gene (2310039D24Rik),XP_134476 ,
mouse-Ces2a Mus musculus (Mouse) Protein Ces2a Ces6 carboxylesterase 6 (Intestine, liver) AI266984 ,
mouse-Ces2b Mus musculus (Mouse) Ces2b hypothetical protein bc015286 ,
mouse-Ces2c Mus musculus (Mouse) Ces2c similar to carboxylesterase 2 (intestine, liver) Acylcarnitine hydrolase,
mouse-Ces2d-ps Mus musculus (Mouse) Ces2d-ps carboxylesterase 2D, pseudogene ,
mouse-Ces2e Mus musculus Ces2e Ces5 carboxylesterase, Pyrethroid hydrolase ,
mouse-Ces2f Mus musculus (Mouse) Ces2f Uncharacterized protein ,
mouse-Ces2g Mus musculus (Mouse) hypothetical 62.7 kda protein ,
mouse-Ces2h Mus musculus Ces2h carboxylesterase 2 isoform 1 ,
mouse-Ces3a Mus musculus Ces3a liver carboxylesterase esterase 31 Es31 ,
mouse-Ces3b Mus musculus (Mouse) Liver carboxylesterase 31-like, Es31L ,
mouse-Ces4a Mus musculus (Mouse) Carboxylesterase 4A (Ces4a) Carboxylesterase 8 (Ces8) pI 6.1 esterase (ES-10) ES-HVEL .
CGI-58_ABHD5_ABHD4 :
mouse-abhd4 Mus musculus (Mouse) abhydrolase domain-containing protein 4 similar to hypothetical protein flj12816 ,
mouse-abhd5 Mus musculus (Mouse) cgi-58 RIKEN AK004873 gene .
Cholesterol_esterase :
mouse-pches Mus musculus pancreatic/mammary gland cholesterol esterase .
CIB-CCG1-interacting-factor-B :
mouse-c1ib Mus musculus (Mouse) ccg1-interacting factor b ,
mouse-Dorz1 Mus musculus (Mouse)1110013B16RIK Dorz1 similar to dkfzp564o243 protein .
CMBL :
mouse-CMBL Mus musculus (Mouse) Carboxymethylenebutenolidase homolog .
DPP4N_Peptidase_S9 :
mouse-dpp4 M.musculus mRNA for dipeptidyl peptidase IV ,
mouse-DPP6 Mus musculus (Mouse) dipeptidyl aminopeptidase-like protein 6 (fragment) ,
mouse-dpp8 Mus musculus RIKEN dpp8 ,
mouse-dpp9 Mus musculus (Mouse) dipeptidyl peptidase 9 homolog mflj00334 protein ,
mouse-dpp10 Mus musculus DPP-10 Dipeptidyl peptidase IV-related protein RIKEN cDNA 6430601K09 gene (6430601K09Rik), mRNA ,
mouse-FAP Mus musculus (Mouse) fibroblast activation protein .
Duf_676 :
mouse-F135A Mus musculus (Mouse) hypothetical Esterase/lipase/thioesterase family active site containing protein ,
mouse-Q9DAI6 Mus musculus (Mouse) family active site containing protein, similarity 135, member B .
Duf_726 :
mouse-tmco4 Mus musculus (Mouse) Transmembrane and coiled-coil domain-containing protein 4 .
Duf_829 :
mouse-tmm53 Mus musculus (Mouse) Transmembrane protein 53 .
Epoxide_hydrolase :
mouse-EPHX1 Mus musculus (Mouse) epoxide hydrolase mEH (EC 3.3.2.3) ,
mouse-ephx3 Mus musculus (Mouse) Abhd9 ephx3 Epoxide_hydrolase sequence ,
mouse-ephx4 Mus musculus (Mouse) epoxide hydrolase-related protein ,
mouse-hyes Mus musculus soluble epoxide hydrolase 2, cytoplasmic (Ephx2), mRNA.
FSH1 :
mouse-OVCA2 Mus musculus (Mouse) 2310011m22rik protein (ovca2) .
Hepatic_Lipase :
mouse-1hlip Mus musculus (Mouse), Mus spretus (Western Mediterranean mouse) (Algerian mouse) hepatic triacylglycerol lipase .
Hormone-sensitive_lipase_like :
mouse-hslip Mus musculus mRNA for hormone sensitive lipase .
Hydrolase_RBBP9_YdeN :
mouse-rbbp9 Mus musculus (Mouse), Mus spretus (Western Mediterranean mouse), (Retinoblastoma-binding protein 9 protein) B5T overexpressed gene protein (bog protein) .
Kynurenine-formamidase :
mouse-KFA Mus musculus Kynurenine formamidase (EC 3.5.1.9) Afmid Ammd cDNA 9030621K19 gene (9030621K19Rik) .
LIDHydrolase :
mouse-Ldah Mus musculus (Mouse) lipid droplet-associated hydrolase (LDAH) C2orf43 CB043 UPF0554 .
Lipase_3 :
mouse-DGLB Mus musculus (Mouse) Daglb Sn1-specific diacylglycerol lipase beta 64.9 kda protein ,
mouse-q6wqj1 Mus musculus (Mouse) Dagla neural stem cell-derived dendrite regulator DAGLA .
Lipoprotein_Lipase :
mouse-Lipg Mus musculus (Mouse) Lipg endothelial lipase ,
mouse-lipli Mus musculus lipoprotein lipase .
LYsophospholipase_carboxylesterase :
mouse-lypl1 Mus musculus (Mouse) lysophospholipase-like protein 1 (EC 3.1.2.-) 26.3 kda protein ,
mouse-lypla1 Mus musculus lysophospholipase 1 (Lypla1)(lysopla I), mRNA ,
mouse-lypla2 Mus musculus lysophospholipase 2 (Lypla2), mRNA .
Maspardin-ACP33-SPG21_like :
mouse-SPG21 Mus musculus (Mouse) hypothetical Maspardin-ACP33-SPG21 Spg21 Spastic paraplegia 21 homolog (Human) .
MEST-like :
mouse-MEST Mus musculus Mouse and Mus musculus molossinus (Japanese house mouse) Mesoderm-specific transcript protein .
Monoglyceridelipase_lysophospholip :
mouse-MGLL Mus musculus (Mouse) monoglyceride lipase (EC 3.1.1.23) .
Ndr_family :
mouse-ndr1 Mus musculus (Mouse) ndr1 ,
mouse-ndr2 Mus musculus (Mouse) ndrg2 protein (ndr2 protein),
mouse-ndr3 Mus musculus (Mouse) ndrg3 protein (ndr3 protein) ,
mouse-ndr4 Mus musculus (Mouse) NDRG4 ndrg4 protein mkiaa1180 .
Neuroligin :
mouse-1neur Mus musculus (Mouse) neuroligin 1, KIAA1070 clone MGC:7622 complete cds,
mouse-2neur Mus musculus (Mouse) neuroligin 2 (Nlgn2), mRNA,
mouse-3neur Mus musculus (Mouse) partial mRNA for neuroligin 3 protein,
mouse-4neur Mus musculus (Mouse) neuroligin 4 .
NLS3-Tex30 :
mouse-Kansl3 Mus musculus (Mouse) Q8C0P9 4632411B12RIK serum inhibited-related protein homolog ,
mouse-Tex30 Mus musculus (Mouse) Tex30 Testis-expressed sequence 30 protein, C13orf27 homolog .
PAF-Acetylhydrolase :
mouse-paf2 Mus musculus (Mouse) similar to platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase 2 (40 kda) ,
mouse-pafa Mus musculus plasma PAF acetylhydrolase .
Palmitoyl-protein_thioesterase :
mouse-ppt Mus musculus (Mouse) palmitoyl-protein thioesterase .
Pancreatic_lipase :
mouse-1plip Mus musculus RIKEN Pancreatic lipase ,
mouse-1plrp Mus musculus (Mouse) pancreatic lipase related protein 1 ,
mouse-LIPR2 Mus musculus mRNA for cytotoxic T lymphocyte lipase .
PC-sterol_acyltransferase :
mouse-C87498 Mus musculus (Mouse) similar to LCAT-like lysophospholipase (llpl) ,
mouse-lcat Mus musculus mRNA for phosphatidylcholine-sterol acyltransferase ( lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase) .
Pectinacetylesterase-Notum :
mouse-notum Mus musculus (Mouse) Protein notum homolog .
PGAP1 :
mouse-q3uuq7 Mus musculus (Mouse) gpi deacylase full insert sequence. (fragment) ,
mouse-srac1 Mus musculus (Mouse) Protein SERAC1 .
Phospholipase :
mouse-LIPH Mus musculus (Mouse) similar to lacrimal lipase ,
mouse-psplip Mus musculus Similar to phosphatidylserine-specific phospholipase A1alpha ,
mouse-f6yqt7 Mus musculus (Mouse). Lipase, member I .
PPase_methylesterase_euk :
mouse-PPME1 Mus musculus (Mouse) similar to protein phosphatase methylesterase-1 .
Prolylcarboxypeptidase :
mouse-dpp2 Mus musculus (Mouse) Dipeptidyl aminopeptidase II Dipeptidyl peptidase 7 ,
mouse-pcp Mus musculus (Mouse) prcp protein 2510048k03rik protein prolylcarboxypeptidase ,
mouse-tssp Mus musculus (Mouse) thymus-specific serine protease precursor (EC 3.4.-.-) ottmusp00000000643 .
S9N_PPCE_Peptidase_S9 :
mouse-ppce Mus musculus (Mouse) (PE) prolyl endopeptidase POP PREP .
S9N_PREPL_Peptidase_S9 :
mouse-Q8C167 Mus musculus (Mouse) PERLP unknown (protein for mgc:7980) mkiaa0436 .
SERHL :
mouse-SERHL Mus musculus (Mouse) serine hydrolase-like protein 0610008b10rik protein and isoforms shl-2 (1110019m09rik protein) .
Thioesterase :
mouse-AI607300 Mus musculus (Mouse) hydrolase (mch) SAST ,
mouse-FASN Mus musculus (Mouse) fatty acid synthase FAS oleoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] hydrolase (EC 3.1.2.14) Thioesterase domain .
Thyroglobulin :
mouse-thyro Mus musculus thyroglobulin cDNA .
Valacyclovir-hydrolase :
mouse-bphl Mus musculus (Mouse) biphenyl hydrolase-like, breast epithelial mucin-assoc AG BPHL (mcnaa), Valacyclovir hydrolase 2010012d11 rik protein Warning: This entry is a compilation of different species or line or strain with more than 90% amino acide identity. You can
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(Below N is a link to NCBI taxonomic web page and E link to ESTHER at designed phylum.) Mus musculus molossinus:
N ,
E .
Molecular evidence
Database
No mutation No structure No kinetic No Substrate No inhibitor
Sequence
Graphical view for this peptide sequence: mouse-PPT2 Colored MSA for Palmitoyl-protein_thioesterase (raw)
MPGLWRQRLPSAWALLLLPFLPLLMPAAPAAHRGSYKPVIVVHGLFDSSY
SFRHLLDYINETHTGTVVTVLDLFDGRESLRPLWEQVQGFREAVVPIMEK
APEGVHLICYSQGGLVCRALLSVMDNHNVDSFISLSSPQMGQYGDTDYLK
WLFPTSMRSNLYRVCYSPWGQEFSICNYWHDPHHDDLYLNASSFLALING
ERDHPNATAWRKNFLRVGRLVLIGGPDDGVITPWQSSFFGFYDANETVLE
MEEQPVYLRDSFGLKTLLARGAIVRCPMAGISHTTWHSNRTLYDTCIEPW
LS
Legend
This sequence has been compared to family alignement (MSA)
red => minority aminoacid
blue => majority aminoacid
color intensity => conservation rate
title => sequence position(MSA position)aminoacid rate
Catalytic site
Catalytic site in the MSA
M P G L W R Q R L P S A W A L L L L P F L P L L M P A A P A A H R G S Y K P V I V V H G L F D S S Y S F R H L L D Y I N E T H T G T V V T V L D L F D G R E S L R P L W E Q V Q G F R E A V V P I M E K A P E G V H L I C Y S Q G G L V C R A L L S V M D N H N V D S F I S L S S P Q M G Q Y G D T D Y L K W L F P T S M R S N L Y R V C Y S P W G Q E F S I C N Y W H D P H H D D L Y L N A S S F L A L I N G E R D H P N A T A W R K N F L R V G R L V L I G G P D D G V I T P W Q S S F F G F Y D A N E T V L E M E E Q P V Y L R D S F G L K T L L A R G A I V R C P M A G I S H T T W H S N R T L Y D T C I E P W L S
References
Title: Disruption of PPT2 in mice causes an unusual lysosomal storage disorder with neurovisceral features
Gupta P , Soyombo AA , Shelton JM , Wilkofsky IG , Wisniewski KE , Richardson JA , Hofmann SL
Ref: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100 :12325, 2003 : PubMed Abstract ESTHER: Gupta_2003_Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A_100_12325 PubMedSearch: Gupta 2003 Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A 100 12325 PubMedID: 14528005 Gene_locus related to this paper: mouse-PPT2 Abstract
The palmitoyl protein thioesterase-2 (PPT2) gene encodes a lysosomal thioesterase homologous to PPT1, which is the enzyme defective in the human disorder called infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. In this article, we report that PPT2 deficiency in mice causes an unusual form of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis with striking visceral manifestations. All PPT2-deficient mice displayed a neurodegenerative phenotype with spasticity and ataxia by 15 mo. The bone marrow was infiltrated by brightly autofluorescent macrophages and multinucleated giant cells, but interestingly, the macrophages did not have the typical appearance of foam cells commonly associated with other lysosomal storage diseases. Marked splenomegaly caused by extramedullary hematopoiesis was observed. The pancreas was grossly orange to brown as a result of massive storage of lipofuscin pigments in the exocrine (but not islet) cells. Electron microscopy showed that the storage material consisted of multilamellar membrane profiles ("zebra bodies"). In summary, PPT2 deficiency in mice manifests as a neurodegenerative disorder with visceral features. Although PPT2 deficiency has not been described in humans, manifestations would be predicted to include neurodegeneration with bone marrow histiocytosis, visceromegaly, brown pancreas, and linkage to chromosome 6p21.3 in affected families.
         Title: Analysis of the gene-dense major histocompatibility complex class III region and its comparison to mouse
Xie T , Rowen L , Aguado B , Ahearn ME , Madan A , Qin S , Campbell RD , Hood L
Ref: Genome Res, 13 :2621, 2003 : PubMed Abstract ESTHER: Xie_2003_Genome.Res_13_2621 PubMedSearch: Xie 2003 Genome.Res 13 2621 PubMedID: 14656967 Gene_locus related to this paper: mouse-PPT2 Abstract
In mammals, the Major Histocompatibility Complex class I and II gene clusters are separated by an approximately 700-kb stretch of sequence called the MHC class III region, which has been associated with susceptibility to numerous diseases. To facilitate understanding of this medically important and architecturally interesting portion of the genome, we have sequenced and analyzed both the human and mouse class III regions. The cross-species comparison has facilitated the identification of 60 genes in human and 61 in mouse, including a potential RNA gene for which the introns are more conserved across species than the exons. Delineation of global organization, gene structure, alternative splice forms, protein similarities, and potential cis-regulatory elements leads to several conclusions: (1) The human MHC class III region is the most gene-dense region of the human genome: >14% of the sequence is coding, approximately 72% of the region is transcribed, and there is an average of 8.5 genes per 100 kb. (2) Gene sizes, number of exons, and intergenic distances are for the most part similar in both species, implying that interspersed repeats have had little impact in disrupting the tight organization of this densely packed set of genes. (3) The region contains a heterogeneous mixture of genes, only a few of which have a clearly defined and proven function. Although many of the genes are of ancient origin, some appear to exist only in mammals and fish, implying they might be specific to vertebrates. (4) Conserved noncoding sequences are found primarily in or near the 5'-UTR or the first intron of genes, and seldom in the intergenic regions. Many of these conserved blocks are likely to be cis-regulatory elements.
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