(Below N is a link to NCBI taxonomic web page and E link to ESTHER at designed phylum.) > cellular organisms: NE > Bacteria: NE > Terrabacteria group: NE > Actinobacteria [phylum]: NE > Actinobacteria [class]: NE > Corynebacteriales: NE > Mycobacteriaceae: NE > Mycobacterium: NE > Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC): NE > Mycobacterium avium: NE > Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis: NE
Warning: This entry is a compilation of different species or line or strain with more than 90% amino acide identity. You can retrieve all strain data
(Below N is a link to NCBI taxonomic web page and E link to ESTHER at designed phylum.) Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis K-10: N, E.
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis: N, E.
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis S397: N, E.
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis MAP4: N, E.
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis S5: N, E.
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis 10-4404: N, E.
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis 10-8425: N, E.
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis 08-8281: N, E.
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis 10-5975: N, E.
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis 10-5864: N, E.
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis 11-1786: N, E.
Mycobacterium avium 104: N, E.
LegendThis sequence has been compared to family alignement (MSA) red => minority aminoacid blue => majority aminoacid color intensity => conservation rate title => sequence position(MSA position)aminoacid rate Catalytic site Catalytic site in the MSA MPTNARRKRRRTLAWIAALSVAGVVLLVIVAAVVVLRGREAPPSAVPPGV LPPTSTTGHPHKPRPASQDASCPDVLLVNVPGTWESAPQDDPGNPLQFPN ALLHKVTASLTEQFPPSRLQAYTTPYTAQFHNPLSGDTQMTYNASRAEGT RATVAAMTDMNNKCPLTSYVLMGFSQGAVIAGDIASDIGNGRGPVDDDLV LGVTLIADGRRQQGVGNDIGPNPPGQGAEVTLHEVPILSGLGLTMTGARP GGFGDLNAKTNEICAPGDLICAAPEEAFSVANLPATLNTLAGGAGQPVHA LYATTQCWSLDGVPATDWTLNWAHGLIANAPQPKHG
BACKGROUND: The genome of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is remarkably homogeneous among the genomes of bovine, human and wildlife isolates. However, previous work in our laboratories with the bovine K-10 strain has revealed substantial differences compared to sheep isolates. To systematically characterize all genomic differences that may be associated with the specific hosts, we sequenced the genomes of three U.S. sheep isolates and also obtained an optical map. RESULTS: Our analysis of one of the isolates, MAP S397, revealed a genome 4.8 Mb in size with 4,700 open reading frames (ORFs). Comparative analysis of the MAP S397 isolate showed it acquired approximately 10 large sequence regions that are shared with the human M. avium subsp. hominissuis strain 104 and lost 2 large regions that are present in the bovine strain. In addition, optical mapping defined the presence of 7 large inversions between the bovine and ovine genomes (~ 2.36 Mb). Whole-genome sequencing of 2 additional sheep strains of MAP (JTC1074 and JTC7565) further confirmed genomic homogeneity of the sheep isolates despite the presence of polymorphisms on the nucleotide level. CONCLUSIONS: Comparative sequence analysis employed here provided a better understanding of the host association, evolution of members of the M. avium complex and could help in deciphering the phenotypic differences observed among sheep and cattle strains of MAP. A similar approach based on whole-genome sequencing combined with optical mapping could be employed to examine closely related pathogens. We propose an evolutionary scenario for M. avium complex strains based on these genome sequences.
Invasion of intestinal mucosa of the host by Mycobacterium avium is a critical step in pathogenesis and likely involves several different bacterial proteins, lipids, glycoproteins, and/or glycolipids. Through the screening of an M. avium genomic library in Mycobacterium smegmatis, we have identified a number of M. avium genes that are associated with increased invasion of mucosal epithelial cells. In order to further investigate these genes, we cloned six of them into a plasmid downstream of a strong mycobacterial promoter (L5 mycobacterial phage promoter), resulting in constitutive expression. Bacteria were then evaluated for increased expression and examined for invasion of HT-29 intestinal epithelial cells. The genes identified encode proteins that are similar to (i) M. tuberculosis coenzyme A carboxylase, (ii) M. tuberculosis membrane proteins of unknown function, (iii) M. tuberculosis FadE20, (iv) a Mycobacterium paratuberculosis surface protein, and (v) M. tuberculosis cyclopropane fatty acyl-phopholipid synthase. The constitutive expression of these genes confers to M. avium the ability to invade HT-29 intestinal epithelial cells with a severalfold increase in efficiency compared to both the wild-type M. avium and M. avium containing the vector alone. Using the murine intestinal ligated loop model, it was observed that the constitutive expression of M. avium proteins has a modest impact on the ability to enter the intestinal mucosa when compared with the wild-type control, suggesting that under in vivo conditions these genes are expressed at higher levels. Evaluation of the expression of these invasion-related genes indicated that under conditions similar to the intestinal lumen environment, the genes identified are upregulated. These data suggest that invasion of the intestinal mucosa is an event that requires the participation of several bacterial factors and the expression of the genes that encode them is less observed under standard laboratory growth conditions.
