(Below N is a link to NCBI taxonomic web page and E link to ESTHER at designed phylum.) > cellular organisms: NE > Eukaryota: NE > Opisthokonta: NE > Metazoa: NE > Eumetazoa: NE > Bilateria: NE > Deuterostomia: NE > Chordata: NE > Craniata: NE > Vertebrata: NE > Gnathostomata: NE > Teleostomi: NE > Euteleostomi: NE > Sarcopterygii: NE > Dipnotetrapodomorpha: NE > Tetrapoda: NE > Amniota: NE > Mammalia: NE > Theria: NE > Eutheria: NE > Boreoeutheria: NE > Laurasiatheria: NE > Chiroptera: NE > Microchiroptera: NE > Vespertilionidae: NE > Myotis: NE > Myotis lucifugus: NE
LegendThis sequence has been compared to family alignement (MSA) red => minority aminoacid blue => majority aminoacid color intensity => conservation rate title => sequence position(MSA position)aminoacid rate Catalytic site Catalytic site in the MSA MAKLLSCVLGPRLYKIYRERDSERARSGAPETPASVTAPPPSSWDTYYQP RALEKHADSILALASVFWSISYYSSPFAFFYLYRKGYLSLSKVVPFSHYA GTLLLLLAGVACLRGVGRWTNPQYRQFITILEATHRNQSAENKRQLASYN FDFRSWPVDFHWEEPSSRKESRGGPSRRGVALLRPEPLHRGTADTLLNRA KKLPCQITSYLVAHTLGRRMLYPGSVYLLQKALMPVLLQGQARLVEECDG RRAKLLACDGNEIDTMFVDRRGTAEPQGQKLVICCEGNAGFYEVGCVSTP LEAGYSVLGWNHPGFAGSTGVPFPQNEANAMDVVVQFAVHRLGFQPQDII LYAWSIGGFTATWAAMSYPDISAVILDASFDDLVPLALKVMPDSCRGLVT RTVRQHLNLNNAEQLCRYQGPVLLIRRTKDEIITTTAPEDIMSNRGNDLL LKLLQHRYPHVMAEEGLQVVRQWLEASSQLEEASIYSRWEVEEDWCLSVL RSYQAEHGPDFPWSVGEDMSARERQQLALFLAQKHLHNFEATHCTPLPVQ HFQMPWHL
Bats are the only mammals capable of sustained flight and are notorious reservoir hosts for some of the world's most highly pathogenic viruses, including Nipah, Hendra, Ebola, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). To identify genetic changes associated with the development of bat-specific traits, we performed whole-genome sequencing and comparative analyses of two distantly related species, fruit bat Pteropus alecto and insectivorous bat Myotis davidii. We discovered an unexpected concentration of positively selected genes in the DNA damage checkpoint and nuclear factor kappaB pathways that may be related to the origin of flight, as well as expansion and contraction of important gene families. Comparison of bat genomes with other mammalian species has provided new insights into bat biology and evolution.
The comparison of related genomes has emerged as a powerful lens for genome interpretation. Here we report the sequencing and comparative analysis of 29 eutherian genomes. We confirm that at least 5.5% of the human genome has undergone purifying selection, and locate constrained elements covering approximately 4.2% of the genome. We use evolutionary signatures and comparisons with experimental data sets to suggest candidate functions for approximately 60% of constrained bases. These elements reveal a small number of new coding exons, candidate stop codon readthrough events and over 10,000 regions of overlapping synonymous constraint within protein-coding exons. We find 220 candidate RNA structural families, and nearly a million elements overlapping potential promoter, enhancer and insulator regions. We report specific amino acid residues that have undergone positive selection, 280,000 non-coding elements exapted from mobile elements and more than 1,000 primate- and human-accelerated elements. Overlap with disease-associated variants indicates that our findings will be relevant for studies of human biology, health and disease.
