(Below N is a link to NCBI taxonomic web page and E link to ESTHER at designed phylum.) > cellular organisms: NE > Bacteria: NE > Terrabacteria group: NE > Cyanobacteria/Melainabacteria group: NE > Cyanobacteria: NE > Oscillatoriophycideae: NE > Oscillatoriales: NE > Microcoleaceae: NE > Planktothrix: NE > Planktothrix agardhii: NE
Warning: This entry is a compilation of different species or line or strain with more than 90% amino acid identity. You can retrieve all strain data
(Below N is a link to NCBI taxonomic web page and E link to ESTHER at designed phylum.) Planktothrix agardhii NIVA-CYA 68: N, E.
Planktothrix agardhii 2A: N, E.
Planktothrix rubescens CCAP 1459/30: N, E.
Planktothrix agardhii No259: N, E.
Planktothrix agardhii No256: N, E.
Planktothrix rubescens No40: N, E.
Planktothrix agardhii No251: N, E.
Planktothrix agardhii No253: N, E.
Planktothrix agardhii CCAP 1459/15: N, E.
Planktothrix agardhii No257: N, E.
Planktothrix rubescens No83/2: N, E.
Planktothrix agardhii No277: N, E.
Planktothrix rubescens No91/1: N, E.
Planktothrix rubescens No145: N, E.
Planktothrix agardhii No41: N, E.
Planktothrix agardhii No299: N, E.
Planktothrix agardhii No281: N, E.
Planktothrix agardhii No32: N, E.
Planktothrix agardhii No63: N, E.
Planktothrix rubescens No169: N, E.
Planktothrix sp. PCC 7811: N, E.
Planktothrix agardhii SAG 6.89: N, E.
Planktothrix rubescens No21-: N, E.
Planktothrix agardhii CCAP 1459/17: N, E.
Planktothrix rubescens NIVA-CYA 18: N, E.
Planktothrix agardhii CCAP 1459/36: N, E.
Planktothrix suspensa SAG 5.81: N, E.
Planktothrix rubescens No166: N, E.
Planktothrix rubescens No67: N, E.
Planktothrix agardhii No260: N, E.
Planktothrix agardhii No255: N, E.
Planktothrix agardhii No250: N, E.
Planktothrix agardhii No79: N, E.
Planktothrix agardhii No254: N, E.
Planktothrix agardhii No31/1: N, E.
Planktothrix agardhii CCAP 1459/11A: N, E.
Planktothrix agardhii No320: N, E.
Planktothrix agardhii No66: N, E.
Planktothrix agardhii NIVA-CYA 126/8: N, E.
Planktothrix rubescens No139: N, E.
Planktothrix agardhii CCAP 1459/16: N, E.
Planktothrix agardhii No274: N, E.
Planktothrix agardhii 213: N, E.
Planktothrix agardhii No263: N, E.
Planktothrix agardhii No39: N, E.
Planktothrix agardhii PH22: N, E.
Planktothrix agardhii CCAP 1460/5: N, E.
Planktothrix agardhii No307: N, E.
Planktothrix agardhii CCAP 1459/31: N, E.
Planktothrix rubescens No111: N, E.
Planktothrix rubescens No82: N, E.
Planktothrix rubescens No178: N, E.
Planktothrix rubescens No161: N, E.
Planktothrix rubescens No97: N, E.
Planktothrix rubescens No110: N, E.
Planktothrix rubescens No64: N, E.
Planktothrix rubescens CCAP 1459/14: N, E.
Planktothrix rubescens No3: N, E.
Planktothrix rubescens No170: N, E.
Planktothrix rubescens No108: N, E.
LegendThis sequence has been compared to family alignement (MSA) red => minority aminoacid blue => majority aminoacid color intensity => conservation rate title => sequence position(MSA position)aminoacid rate Catalytic site Catalytic site in the MSA MQIDQLKPNLTPTANSWVTYPKPNPEAKLRLFCFHYAGGGAAIFRSWIDS LPSTVEICPIELPGRNSRLRETPFTQMEPLIQALDRAILPHLTKPFAFFG HSMGGLVSFELARLLRKEYNQSPLHLFVSGYRAPQIPDRTPQIHALPESE LIKELRRYAGTPEAVLENAELMELLLPTLRADFSVVETYSYKDLPPLDCP ITAFGGLEDLKPNALEIEAWREQTNSAFSVEMFPGDHFFLHSAKSLVLEC LGKSLLIIDQGIN
References
Title: Nontoxic strains of cyanobacteria are the result of major gene deletion events induced by a transposable element Christiansen G, Molitor C, Philmus B, Kurmayer R Ref: Molecular Biology Evolution, 25:1695, 2008 : PubMed
Blooms that are formed by cyanobacteria consist of toxic and nontoxic strains. The mechanisms that result in the occurrence of nontoxic strains are enigmatic. All the nontoxic strains of the filamentous cyanobacterium Planktothrix that were isolated from 9 European countries were found to have lost 90% of a large microcystin synthetase (mcy) gene cluster that encoded the synthesis of the toxic peptide microcystin (MC). Those strains still contain the flanking regions of the mcy gene cluster along with remnants of the transposable elements that are found in between. The majority of the strains still contain a gene coding for a distinct thioesterase type II (mcyT), which is putatively involved in MC synthesis. The insertional inactivation of mcyT in an MC-producing strain resulted in the reduction of MC synthesis by 94 +/- 2% (1 standard deviation). Nontoxic strains that occur in shallow lakes throughout Europe form a monophyletic lineage. A second lineage consists of strains that contain the mcy gene cluster but differ in their photosynthetic pigment composition, which is due to the occurrence of strains that contain phycocyanin or large amounts of phycoerythrin in addition to phycocyanin. Strains containing phycoerythrin typically occur in deep-stratified lakes. The rare occurrence of gene cluster deletion, paired with the evolutionary diversification of the lineages of strains that lost or still contain the mcy gene cluster, needs to be invoked in order to explain the absence or dominance of toxic cyanobacteria in various habitats.
Microcystins represent an extraordinarily large family of cyclic heptapeptide toxins that are nonribosomally synthesized by various cyanobacteria. Microcystins specifically inhibit the eukaryotic protein phosphatases 1 and 2A. Their outstanding variability makes them particularly useful for studies on the evolution of structure-function relationships in peptide synthetases and their genes. Analyses of microcystin synthetase genes provide valuable clues for the potential and limits of combinatorial biosynthesis. We have sequenced and analyzed 55.6 kb of the potential microcystin synthetase gene (mcy) cluster from the filamentous cyanobacterium Planktothrix agardhii CYA 126. The cluster contains genes for peptide synthetases (mcyABC), polyketide synthases (PKSs; mcyD), chimeric enzymes composed of peptide synthetase and PKS modules (mcyEG), a putative thioesterase (mcyT), a putative ABC transporter (mcyH), and a putative peptide-modifying enzyme (mcyJ). The gene content and arrangement and the sequence of specific domains in the gene products differ from those of the mcy cluster in Microcystis, a unicellular cyanobacterium. The data suggest an evolution of mcy clusters from, rather than to, genes for nodularin (a related pentapeptide) biosynthesis. Our data do not support the idea of horizontal gene transfer of complete mcy gene clusters between the genera. We have established a protocol for stable genetic transformation of Planktothrix, a genus that is characterized by multicellular filaments exhibiting continuous motility. Targeted mutation of mcyJ revealed its function as a gene coding for a O-methyltransferase. The mutant cells produce a novel microcystin variant exhibiting reduced inhibitory activity toward protein phosphatases.
