Tryptophan betaine, fungal auxin antagonist. Betaines are synthesized or taken up from the environment by cells for protection against osmotic stress, drought, high salinity, or high temperature. Zwitterions quaternary ammonium or phosphonium cation that bears no hydrogen atom and with a negatively charged functional group not adjacent to the cationic site. Not proper alkaloid but often classified as such.Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Endothelial Inflammation, induces sleep
Acetylcholinesterase (AChEis) inhibitors are used to treat neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD). l-Hypaphorine (l-HYP) is a natural indole alkaloid that has been shown to have effects on the central nervous system (CNS). The goal of this research was to synthesize l-HYP and d-HYP and test their anticholinesterasic properties in rat brain regions. l-HYP suppressed acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity only in the cerebellum, whereas d-HYP inhibited AChE activity in all CNS regions studied. No cytotoxic effect on normal human cells (HaCaT) was observed in the case of l-HYP and d-HYP although an increase in cell proliferation. Molecular modeling studies revealed that d-HYP and l-HYP have significant differences in their binding mode positions and interact stereospecifically with AChE's amino acid residues.