AlOmari_2025_Microb.Pathog_206_107773

BACKGROUND: Malaria, caused by Plasmodium falciparum, remains a significant global health challenge, necessitating the development of new, effective control strategies. Similarly, Anopheles funestus mosquitoes, major vectors for malaria transmission, require sustainable insecticidal control measures. Thus, this study explores, the combined insecticidal and antimalarial potential of Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin, highlighting its promise for integrated vector and parasite control. METHODS: The larvicidal activity of azurin was evaluated against Anopheles funestus larvae, with mortality rates assessed following exposure to varying azurin concentrations. Biochemical assays measured the effects on carbohydrate, protein, lipid levels, and enzyme activities in larvae. Additionally, the antimalarial activity of azurin was tested on two Plasmodium falciparum strains through dose-response curves to determine IC50 values. RESULTS: Azurin demonstrated potent larvicidal activity with lower IC50 and IC90 values (0.070 and 1.907 microg/mL respectively) compared to temephos. Biochemical analysis revealed significant reductions in total carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids in azurin-treated larvae, indicating metabolic disruption. Enzyme activity assays showed significant decreases in protease, invertase, and acetylcholinesterase activities, further confirming the insecticidal effects. Moreover, azurin exhibited strong antiparasitic activity against P. falciparum, with the lowest IC50 compared to chloroquine and pyrimethamine, especially against drug-resistant strains. CONCLUSION: Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin displays significant larvicidal and antimalarial activities, making it a promising candidate for integrated vector and parasite control strategies. Its ability to disrupt both mosquito metabolism and Plasmodium functions highlights its potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic insecticides and antimalarials.