Ali_2026_Pestic.Biochem.Physiol_220_107049

The peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is among the most destructive and adaptable agricultural pests worldwide, known for its ability to colonize hundreds of host plants and transmit numerous plant viruses. Moreover, it has evolved resistance to more insecticide classes and active ingredients than any other known arthropod pest, making it a key model for studying the evolution of resistance. This review synthesizes the biochemical, genetic, and ecological mechanisms underpinning this adaptability. We trace the historical and contemporary development of resistance to organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, sulfoximines, ketoenols, and other insecticides, highlighting how metabolic detoxification by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, carboxylesterases, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), and uridine diphosphate-glycosyltransferases (UDPGTs) interacts with target-site mutations such as modified acetylcholinesterase (MACE), knockdown resistance (kdr), super-kdr, R81T, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) substitutions. We also examine the regulation of these pathways through gene amplification, transcriptional plasticity, and inducible responses, while emphasizing fitness trade-offs that shape resistance dynamics in the field. By integrating these diverse perspectives, this review goes beyond cataloguing mechanisms to provide a comprehensive framework that explains how multi-resistant clones of M. persicae emerge and persist. We further discuss the implications of composite genotypes for resistance monitoring and management, and outline future directions including molecular diagnostics, synergists targeting detoxification enzymes, and integrated pest management strategies. Together, these insights underscore the urgent need for sustainable, informed approaches that account for genetic and biochemical dimensions of resistance to preserve the efficacy of current and future insecticides against this globally significant pest.