Bargali_2025_Int.J.Biol.Macromol_313_144221

This study aimed to develop Artemisia annua oil-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (AANPs) and evaluate their efficacy as bio-nematicide against M. incognita. The direct application of essential oils is limited by poor stability, volatility, and low water solubility. Nanoencapsulation improves their stability and bioavailability. AANPs were synthesized via ionic gelation, achieving 50 % Encapsulation efficiency and 25 % Loading capacity. DLS, SEM-EDX, FTIR, and XRD characterized spherical nanoparticles (90.34 nm) and successful encapsulation. TGA/DTG indicated improved thermal stability. Phytochemical analysis of AAO identified (E)-beta-Farnesene (12.09 %), Germacrene D (11.68 %), and Camphor (11.66 %) as main constituents. In vitro release studies demonstrated that 67.4 % of the oil was released in acidic conditions within 48 h. AANPs inhibited egg hatching by 61.47 % and 71.56 % at 3000 microg/mL and 5000 microg/mL doses respectively. Larvicidal activity of AANPs reached 88.67 % at 5000 microg/mL, compared to 100 % mortality by commercial nematicide Nimitz. AChE inhibition assay yielded an IC50 of 1.844 microg/mL for AANPs compared to Physostigmine. Molecular docking revealed Germacrene D as a key inhibitor, with a docking score of -6.8 kcal/mol. AANPs showed improved nematicidal and AChE-inhibition. This study demonstrates that nanoencapsulation enhances the stability, efficacy, and controlled release of AAO, offering a promising eco-friendly alternative for nematode management.