Diksha_2026_Appl.Biochem.Biotechnol__

Organophosphate pesticides have been widely used to protect crops from pests during growth and to maintain their quality after harvest. However, their residues and decomposition products may permeate the soil and water systems, eventually accumulating in food products and posing potential health and environmental concerns. Therefore, the development of a robust analytical technique to monitor these residues is crucial. Herein, a novel and highly efficient acetylcholinesterase (AChE) based electrochemical biosensing platform was constructed using MXene and graphitic carbon nitride (Ti(3)C(2)T(x)@g-C(3)N(4)) as a substrate material for the rapid determination of trichlorfon (TF). The synergistic effect of Ti(3)C(2)T(x)@g-C(3)N(4) not only facilitates electron diffusion at the sensing interface but also enhances the electroactive surface area for AChE immobilization. The structural and morphological features of the Ti(3)C(2)T(x)@g-C(3)N(4) composite were characterized using various analytical techniques. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were employed to examine the electrochemical behaviour of the prepared biosensor. Under optimal conditions, the fabricated biosensor (AChE/M-Ti(3)C(2)T(x)@g-C(3)N(4)/ITO) demonstrates a wide linear range (0.1 pM-1 microM) and a low detection limit (LOD) of 0.1 pM. Moreover, the biosensor shows good reproducibility, high anti-interference ability, and acceptable stability. Finally, the feasibility of developed biosensor was validated in real matrices (carrot, guava, and fenugreek) which exhibits the satisfactory recovery (91.9%-108.1%).