Freitas_2020_Environ.Res_188_109846

Marine toxins in bivalves pose an important risk to human health, and regulatory authorities throughout the world impose maximum toxicity values. In general, bivalve toxicities due to paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) above the regulatory limit occur during short periods, but in some cases, it may be extended from weeks to months. The present study examines whether cockles (Cerastoderme edule), mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and razor shells (Solen marginatus) naturally exposed to a bloom of Gymnodinium catenatum activated or suppressed biochemical responses as result of the presence of PSTs in their soft tissues. Toxins (C1+2, C3+4, GTX5, GTX6, dcSTX, dcGTX2+3 and dcNEO) and a set of biomarkers (ETS, electron transport system activity; GLY, glycogen; PROT, protein; SOD, superoxide dismutase; CAT, catalase; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; GST, glutathione S-transferases; LPO, lipid peroxidation; reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione contents and AChE, acetylcholinesterase activity) were determined in the three bivalve species. Specimens were harvested weekly in Aveiro lagoon, Portugal, along thirteen weeks. This period included three weeks in which bivalve toxicity exceeded largely the regulatory limit and the subsequence recovery period of ten weeks. Biochemical performance of the surveyed species clearly indicated that PSTs induce oxidative stress and neurotoxicity, with higher impact on mussels and razor shells than in cockles. The antioxidant enzymes CAT and GPx seemed to be the biomarkers better associated with toxin effects.