Fu_1994_Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav_49_835

Direct injection of glutamate, a neuroexcitatory agent, into the anterior hypothalamic-preoptic area of the rat brain induced ultrasonic vocalization. This vocalization was characterized by short-duration calls (below 60 ms) of high sound frequency (pitch), mostly above 40 kHz, and was similar to the known 50-kHz vocalization observed in natural situations. The glutamate-induced vocalization was dose dependent within the dose range of 16.9-67.6 micrograms and was antagonized by local pretreatment with MK-801, an NMDA antagonist. The increasing dosage of glutamate induced more calls and had a significant influence on frequency and intensity of emitted ultrasound. The average sound frequency increased whereas the mean sound intensity decreased with the dosage of glutamate. On the other hand, the mean duration of a single call and the bandwidth did not significantly change with doses of glutamate. Injection of carbachol, a muscarinic cholinomimetic agent, into the same brain sites as glutamate, induced a different type of ultrasonic vocalization with low sound frequency and long call duration, known as 22-kHz calls. The results suggest that high sound frequency, short-duration calls (50 kHz) and low sound frequency, long-duration calls (22 kHz) have different neurophysiological and neurochemical mechanisms.