Hamed_2025_Environ.Pollut__126628

This study investigated the effects of pyrogallol (PG) and three botanical remedies-Spirulina platensis (SP), Chlorella vulgaris (CV), and Moringa oleifera (MO)-on oxidative stress, immune response, and histopathology in Clarias gariepinus. Fish exposed to PG (10 mg/L) and treated with SP (20 g/kg diet), CV (50 g/kg diet), or MO (5 g/kg diet) for 15 days were evaluated for superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), lysozyme activity (LYZ), phagocytic activity (PA), interleukin-6 (IL-6), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), cortisol, and histopathological changes in the brain, spleen, and intestines. PG exposure significantly increased MDA and IL-6 while reducing TAC, SOD, LYZ, PA, and AChE. Histopathological damage, including neuronal degeneration, intestinal inflammation, and spleen alterations, were observed in PG-exposed fish. Treatments with CV and MO restored TAC and SOD levels close to controls, while SP showed limited efficacy. CV and MO also normalized LYZ and PA. Histopathological improvements were noted in all botanical-treated groups, with CV and MO showing the most significant recovery. These findings highlight the potential of Chlorella vulgaris and Moringa oleifera in mitigating pyrogallol-induced toxicity in fish.