How_2025_J.Occup.Environ.Med__

OBJECTIVES: This study assesses pesticide exposure's impact on highland farmers' metabolic health in Malaysia, comparing conventional and organic farmers to evaluate long-term health risks. METHODS: A cross-sectional study analyzed blood acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels and metabolic indicators in 47 conventional and 15 organic farmers via interviews and blood samples. RESULTS: Conventional farmers had significantly lower AChE activity (p = 0.037) and higher urea levels (p = 0.049), suggesting greater pesticide exposure and potential kidney function impairment. No significant differences were observed in blood glucose, uric acid, cholesterol, AST, or ALT levels. Regression analysis linked higher pesticide health risks to lower AChE activity (p < 0.001) and increased metabolic risks. CONCLUSIONS: Conventional farmers face greater pesticide-related health risks. While organic farming may offer some benefits, differences in metabolic markers were limited to AChE activity and urea levels.