Huxley_1981_Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A_78_2297

Low-angle x-ray diffraction diagrams have been recorded from frog sartorius muscles by using synchrotron radiation as a high-intensity x-ray source. This has enabled changes in some of the principal reflections of interest to be followed with a time resolution of 1 ms, during small but very rapid length changes imposed on a contracting muscle. The 143-A meridional reflection, which is believed to arise from a repeating pattern of myosin cross-bridges along the length of the muscle, shows large changes in intensity in these circumstances. During both rapid releases and rapid stretches, by amounts that produce a translation of actin and myosin filaments past each other by about 100 A and that are completed in about a millisecond (i.e., before significant cross-bridge detachment would be expected), an almost synchronous decrease in 143-A intensity occurs, by 50% or more. This is followed, in the case of quick releases, by a rapid partial recovery of intensity lasting 5--6 ms (which may represent cross-bridge release and reattachment) and then by a more gradual return to the normal isometric value. Quick stretches show only the slower return of intensity. Immediately after the length change, the initial drop in 143-A intensity can be reversed if the release (or stretch) is reversed. These changes provide evidence of a more direct kind than has hitherto been available that the active sliding of actin filaments past myosin filaments during contraction is produced by longitudinal movement of attached cross-bridges.