Ismail_2026_Chem.Biodivers_23_e03488

As a continuation of our efforts to exploit hydrazone and pyridazinone derivatives derived from beta-aroylpropionic acid 3, which we previously synthesized, this study focuses on evaluating their insecticidal activity against Spodoptera littoralis (cotton leafworm). The research revealed noteworthy results, with compounds 5, 8, 10, 12, and 14 demonstrating significantly higher insecticidal activity than the reference compound pyridaben, as confirmed through bioassay analyses. These promising findings underscore the need for further studies, particularly focusing on the formulation of compounds 5 and 14 as emulsifiable concentrate (EC) products. The physicochemical evaluations of these formulations highlighted excellent thermal stability, evident both in neat formulations and their spray solutions, along with enhanced insecticidal performance compared to Help Star 10% EC, a commercially registered insecticide used for comparison. Molecular docking proposed mechanism of action involves inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), which are critical targets in insect nervous systems. Additionally, computational predictions align closely with experimental findings, reinforcing their credibility and potential for practical application.