Janisova_2025_Front.Pharmacol_16_1691118

INTRODUCTION: M(4) muscarinic receptor (mAChR) knockout changed the female activity biological rhythm parameters. In this study, we focus on the biological rhythms of mAChRs (total + M(1) mAChRs), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) in M(4) mAChR knockout (M(4)KO) and wild-type (WT) mice in specific brain areas. METHODS: Female mice were sacrificed every 4 hours, brains were removed, mAChRs were determined by autoradiography, and punching was used for the measurement of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity. The density of mAChRs was correlated with locomotor activity. RESULTS: An ultradian rhythm in total mAChRs was found in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) (both M(4)KO and WT). M(4)KO had a positive correlation between the number of mAChRs and locomotor activity. This rhythm was changed to circadian in WT with a peak in the active phase and to circadian rhythm in M(4)KO with phase shifts to the inactive/active phase in the intergeniculate leaflet (IgL) (positive correlation in KO), subparaventricular zone (SPVZ) (negative correlation in WT), and posterior hypothalamic area (PHA) (positive correlation in WT). The thalamus (TH) reveals circadian rhythms in WT and M(4)KO, with a peak in the active phase (no correlation). The striatum (Str), i.e., caudate ncl-putamen (CPu) (decrease in M(4)KO, positive correlation in both WT and KO) and the motor cortex (MCx) (no correlation), showed circadian rhythms (peak in active phase). Caudate ncl-putamen M(1) mAChRs rhythm in WT was circadian, while M(4)KO animals revealed an ultradian rhythm. Cholinesterases revealed ultradian and circadian rhythms in different areas. DISCUSSION: We conclude that muscarinic receptor-directed biological rhythm of activity is determined in the striatum (caudate ncl-putamen) as a key structure mainly by M(4) mAChRs with a supportive role of M(1) mAChRs.