Menozzi_2014_J.Vet.Pharmacol.Ther_37_325

We investigated the effects of nonselective muscarinic antagonist (atropine) and of selective muscarinic subtype 1 (M1 ), 2 (M2 ), 3 (M3 ) antagonists (VU0255035, methoctramine, pFHHSiD, respectively) on the contractions evoked by electrical field stimulation (EFS) or by exogenous ACh in isolated horse bronchial muscle. Atropine completely inhibited neurogenic contractions in a concentration-dependent fashion, whereas selective muscarinic antagonists induced relevant modifications only at the highest concentration tested. Experiments with selective muscarinic antagonists in combination showed that only the simultaneous blockade of M1 /M3 or M2 /M3 receptors was able to induce a nearly complete suppression of contractions. The contractions induced by exogenous ACh were competitively antagonized only by atropine (pA2 = 9.01 +/- 0.05). M3 selective antagonist, up to 10(-6) m, caused a moderate concentration-dependent rightward shift of ACh curve (pA2 = 7.96 +/- 0.10). These data show that M3 muscarinic receptors possess a central role in mediating cholinergic contraction of horse bronchi, while M1 and M2 receptors seem to have a cooperative role. Selective muscarinic antagonists seem unlikely to be useful against bronchoconstriction associated with airway diseases in horses. Conversely, compounds with selectivity for both M1 and M3 receptors could be as effective as traditional anticholinergics and induce fewer cardiac side effects.