Morishita_2026_Sci.Rep__

Alkyl shikimates (SAEs) bearing linear and branched alkyl groups (R) ranging from CH(3) to C(5)H(11) were synthesized and assayed for proliferative activity toward human dermal fibroblasts; proliferation increase (PRA), measured using a CCK-8 assay kit, was used as the primary endpoint. Several SAEs exhibited significant PRA, depending on the concentration added to the culture medium and alkyl group structure. However, shikimic acid (SA) added to the culture medium did not induce fibroblast proliferation. SAEs with CH(3), C(2)H(5), and C(3)H(7) alkyl groups (SAE-1, SAE-2, and SAE-3a,b) induced a 30-50% increase in cell proliferation at a concentration of 5.5 mM, while SAEs with a C(4)H(9) groups (SAE-4a,b,c) showed low PRA and those with a C(5)H(11) groups (SAE-5a,b,c) exhibited strong cytotoxicity (CYT: decrease in cell viability) at this concentration. The proliferation rates of SAEs at 5.5 mM correlated significantly with their calculated log P (ClogP) values, which reflect hydrophobicity and cell membrane permeability (quadratic regression; coefficient of determination, r(2) = 0.977-0.953. Based on these results, we proposed a mechanism in which membrane-permeable SAEs could form complexes with carboxylesterase (CES) present in dermal fibroblasts and be subsequently hydrolyzed into SA and alcohols (ALs) intracellularly, with the resulting SA potentially inducing PRA. In contrast, SA added extracellularly cannot enter cells due to its high hydrophilicity and therefore cannot induce PRA. In order to evaluate the stability of the proposed complexes, we estimated binding energies between CES and SAEs by quantum mechanical methods; however, the results showed no significant differences in binding energy attributable to alkyl chain length or steric effects of the SAE alkyl groups. The most plausible explanation for the differences in PRA among SAEs is that intracellularly regenerated SA promotes fibroblast proliferation, whereas the regenerated ALs may cause CYT. Alkyl group-dependent differences in AL toxicity may account for the concentration-dependent variation in SAE-induced PRA. In fact, when the CYT of linear alkyl alcohols (ALs-1, 2, 3a, 4a, and 5a) was measured by CCK-8 at a concentration of 100 mM, the results showed that differences in AL alkyl chain length significantly influenced cell viability, which was consistent with their ClogP values (CYT order; R = C(5)H(11) > C(4)H(9) > C(3)H(7) > C(2)H(5) <= CH(3)).