Pinheiro_2025_Mol.Biochem.Parasitol__111674

Globally, an estimated 1 billion people reside in endemic areas, and over 12 million individuals are infected with leishmaniasis. Despite its prevalence, leishmaniasis continues to be a neglected disease, mainly affecting underdeveloped countries. In Brazil, the available treatments are pentavalent antimonials and Amphotericin B, which are outdated, toxic, require prolonged parenteral administration and have limited efficacy. The heterocyclic ring oxadiazole has been documented in the literature to possess various biological activities, including leishmanicidal properties, thus positioning it as a potential candidate for further investigation. This study aims to evaluate the in vitro leishmanicidal activity of an oxadiazole compound (2i), explore its mechanism of action through enzymatic inhibition and molecular docking, assess its antioxidant activity, and conduct an in silico pharmacokinetic prediction. Pharmacokinetic predictions via ADME/TOX modeling revealed that the 2i molecule exhibits good intestinal absorption (92%), is water-insoluble (-4 log.mol/L) and demonstrates high permeability in Caco-2 cells (1.35log.Papp10-6cm/s), suggesting potential for oral administration. Metabolic studies indicated that oxadiazole 2i is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP1A2 and CYP2C19, necessitating further evaluation of potential drug interactions. Additionally, it did not exhibit hepatotoxicity or cardiotoxicity; however, it demonstrated mutagenic potential in the salmonella reverse mutation test (AMES), which is a genetic method that detects mutagenic chemical agents, thus justifying more complex confirmatory studies. In vitro assays showed that oxadiazole 2i has DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical reducing activity, indicating potential antioxidant properties with an IC(50) of 12.10 microg/mL. Concerning its leishmanicidal mechanism of action, molecular docking simulations at the active site of acetylcholinesterase demonstrated that the 2i molecule had superior binding energy values compared to the reference drug physostigmine (-7.39kcal/mol versus -6.66kcal/mol, respectively). However, the pharmacophore map revealed that physostigmine had more molecular interactions than oxadiazole 2i. In acetylcholinesterase inhibition assays, the 2i molecule exhibited significant inhibitory activity with an IC(50) of 11.91 microg/mL, suggesting a mechanism of action that compromises the parasitic membrane. Moreover, the 2i molecule demonstrated significant leishmanicidal activity against L. infantum with an IC(50) of 30.86 microM. Cytotoxicity assays on RAW 264.7 macrophages revealed a high CC(50) value of 485.5microM and a selectivity index (SI) of 17.86. Based on these findings, oxadiazole 2i emerges as a promising candidate for further study, offering prospects for more affordable, selective, and less toxic leishmanicidal agents.