Thomsen_2023_N.Biotechnol_78_162

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is a semi-crystalline plastic polyester material with a global production volume of 83 Mt/year. PET is mainly used in textiles, but also widely used for packaging materials, notably plastic bottles, and is a major contributor to environmental plastic waste accumulation. Now that enzymes have been demonstrated to catalyze PET degradation, new options for sustainable bio-recycling of PET materials via enzymatic catalysis have emerged. The enzymatic degradation rate is strongly influenced by the properties of PET, notably the degree of crystallinity, X(C). The higher the X(C) of the PET material, the slower the enzymatic rate. Crystallization of PET, resulting in increased X(C), is induced thermally (via heating) and/or mechanically (via stretching), and the X(C) of most PET plastic bottles and microplastics exceeds what currently known enzymes can readily degrade. The enzymatic action occurs at the surface of the insoluble PET material and improves when the polyester chain mobility increases. The chain mobility increases drastically when the temperature exceeds the glass transition temperature, T(g), which is -40 degreesC at the surface layer of PET. Since PET crystallization starts at 70 degreesC, the ideal temperature for enzymatic degradation is just below 70 degreesC to balance high chain mobility and enzymatic reaction activation without inducing crystal formation. This paper reviews the current understanding on the properties of PET as an enzyme substrate and summarizes the most recent knowledge of how the crystalline and amorphous regions of PET form, and how the X(C) and the T(g) impact the efficiency of enzymatic PET degradation.