Tierney_2007_Environ.Toxicol.Chem_26_998

Brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was evaluated after two different swimming tests in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch; 238 +/- 5 g) given 96-h exposures to 0, 5, 10, 20, or 40 microg/L of chlorpyrifos. Brain AChE activity decreased in a concentration-dependent manner (AChE activities were 81.8, 52.2, 37.3, and 21.3% of control for the 5, 10, 20, and 40 microg/L exposures, respectively), whereas swimming performance was impaired after a threshold of AChE impairment was reached. Specifically, for swimming performance (U(crit)) measured using the established ramp-U(crit) test (duration, 152 +/- 8 min), this threshold occurred with AChE activity of 68.5% +/- 18.1% of control. For a rapid acceleration test (U(deltav), where V represents velocity; 27.6 +/- 0.8 min), this value was 52.6% +/- 15.4% of control. Both swim protocols resulted in similar maximum swim speeds (control ramp-U(crit) and U(deltav) values of 3.44 +/- 0.09 and 3.71 +/- 0.13 body lengths/s, respectively), and performance was significantly reduced after 20 and 40 microg/L exposures in both groups (ramp-U(crit) values: 86.4 and 83.6 %, respectively, of control; U(deltav) values: 85.2 and 77.8%, rsepectively, of control). Although both tests yielded similar swim speeds, postexercise plasma lactate concentrations were greater for the U(deltav) test (11.3 +/- 0.6 vs 8.6 +/- 0.5 mmol/L), indicating a greater anaerobic effort. This increase was exaggerated after 10 microg/L of chlorpyrifos (14.6 +/- 1.3 mmol/L), indicating that anaerobic muscle was used to attain the same speed. Given the threshold relationship between AChE inhibition and swimming performance, coho salmon appear able to maintain integrated swimming activity despite significant impairment of an underlying neurological control mechanism.