Warnick_1975_J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther_193_232

The effects of the depolarizing agent, batrachotoxin (BTX), and of various analogs were studied on rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm muscle preparations at 37 degrees C. The structural modifications of BTX included: 1) replacement of the 20alpha-pyrrole-3-carboxylate moiety; 2) alterations of substituents on the pyrrole moiety; 3) clevage of the 3alpha, 9alpha-hemiketal linkage; and 4) quaternization of the tertiary nitrogen of BTX. All of the compounds except batrachotoxinin A (BTX-A), which lacks the 20alpha-substituent, depolarized the postsynaptic membrane, transiently increased the frequency of spontaneous transmitter release to 400 to 600 sec- minus 1 and finally produced blockade of the directly and indirectly elicited muscle twitches. Of the compounds tested, only BTX-A potentiated the muscle twitches. The concentration which elicits a 50% depolarization of the muscle membrane in 1 hour was determined for all the compounds except for BTX-A and for dihydrobatrachotoxin which lacks the 3alpha, 9alpha-hemiketal linkage; these two analogs never depolarized the postsynaptic membrane by more than 10 to 15%. BTX, the 20alpha-2, 4, 5-trimethylpyrrole-3-carboxylate of BTX-A and the 20alpha-ester of BTX-A with 2-ethyl-4-methylpyrrole-3-carboxylic acid (homobatrachotoxin) were the three most potent toxins with doses of 4.5, 12 and 18 times 10- minus 9 M eliciting a 50% membrane depolarization in 1 hour. The quaternary derivative of BTX, the 20alpha-4, 5-dimethylpyrrole-3-carboxylate of BTX-A and 20alpha-2,4-dimethyl-5-acetylpyrrole-3-carboxylate of BTX-A were 24-, 65- and 110-fold less potent than BTX as depolarizing agents, whereas the 20alpha-p-bromobenzoate of BTX-A was 220-fold less potent. Each of these derivatives had the ability to increase sodium permeability since the increase in spontaneous miniature end-plate potential frequency and membrane depolarization were reversed by tetrodotoxin or by reducing the external sodium concentration. BTX was found to be more effective at alkaline pH (pH 9.0), at which it exists almost entirely in the un-ionized form, than at physiological or acidic pH(6.0). The results indicate that the analogs of BTX act by a mechanism similar to that of the parent compound, but that their potency differs and certain compounds may have a more selective action on either the pre- or postsynaptic membrane. For maximal depolarizing activity, a substituted pyrrole moiety is necessary at the 20alpha-position of BTX-A and 3alpha, 9alpha-hemiketal linkage must remain intact providing rigidity for the pentacyclic steroid nucleus.