Wdowiak_2023_Int.J.Mol.Sci_24_

The low bioaccessibility of hesperetin and piperine hampers their application as therapeutic agents. Piperine has the ability to improve the bioavailability of many compounds when co-administered. The aim of this paper was to prepare and characterize the amorphous dispersions of hesperetin and piperine, which could help to improve solubility and boost the bioavailability of both plant-origin active compounds. The amorphous systems were successfully obtained by means of ball milling, as confirmed by XRPD and DSC studies. What's more, the FT-IR-ATR study was used to investigate the presence of intermolecular interactions between the systems' components. Amorphization enhanced the dissolution rate as a supersaturation state was reached, as well as improving the apparent solubility of both compounds by 245-fold and 183-fold, respectively, for hesperetin and piperine. In the in vitro permeability studies simulating gastrointestinal tract and blood-brain barrier permeabilities, these increased by 775-fold and 257-fold for hesperetin, whereas they were 68-fold and 66-fold for piperine in the GIT and BBB PAMPA models, respectively. Enhanced solubility had an advantageous impact on antioxidant as well as anti-butyrylcholinesterase activities-the best system inhibited 90.62 +/- 0.58% of DPPH radicals and 87.57 +/- 1.02% butyrylcholinesterase activity. To sum up, amorphization considerably improved the dissolution rate, apparent solubility, permeability, and biological activities of hesperetin and piperine.