Yemisci_2012_Methods.Enzymol_508_253

The current treatment of neurological and psychiatric diseases is far beyond being satisfactory. In addition to highly complex disease mechanisms, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) also remains as a challenge by limiting the delivery of the majority of currently available therapeutics to the central nervous system. Several approaches taking advantage of molecular and physicochemical characteristics of the BBB have been developed recently to improve drug delivery to the brain. Here, we introduce a nanomedicine that can efficiently transport BBB-impermeable peptides to the brain. This nanomedicine is made of chitosan nanoparticles into which considerable amounts of a peptide can be incorporated. The nanoparticle surface is modified with polyethylene glycol to enhance the plasma residence time by preventing their capture by the reticuloendothelial system. Monoclonal antibodies against the transferrin receptor (TfR), which is highly expressed on the brain capillary endothelium, are conjugated to nanoparticles via biotin-streptavidin bonds. The activation of TfR by the nanoparticle-antibody complex induces transcytosis and thus delivers the loaded drug to the brain. Penetration of nanoparticles to the brain can be illustrated in vivo by intravital microscopy as well as ex vivo by fluorescence or electron microscopy. N-Benzyloxycarbonyl-Asp(OMe)-Glu(OMe)-Val-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethyl ketone (Z-DEVD-FMK)-loaded nanoparticles rapidly release their contents within brain parenchyma, inhibit ischemia-induced caspase-3 activity, and thereby provide neuroprotection.