Weber_2013_Neuropharmacol_72_88

Inhibition of central alpha4beta2 nAChRs by antidepressants, proposed to contribute to their clinical efficacy, was assessed for monoamine reuptake inhibitors (amitriptyline, nortriptyline, fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, citalopram) by comparing projected human unbound brain drug concentrations (Cu,b) at therapeutic doses with concentrations that inhibit human alpha4beta2 nAChRs in vitro. Inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were determined by patch clamp and ranged from 0.8-3.2 muM, except for nortriptyline (IC50 = 100 nM). Cu,b values were calculated from human unbound plasma drug concentrations (Cu,p) and rat-derived brain-to-plasma and extracellular fluid-to-plasma ratios for the unbound drug, which are near unity, due to much higher brain tissue binding than plasma protein binding of these drugs. Accordingly in humans, antidepressant Cu,b are projected to essentially equal Cu,p, with average values from 3-87 nM, which are 30-to-250-fold below their IC50 concentrations. Based on our model, monoaminergic antidepressants minimally inhibit central nAChRs and it is unlikely that alpha4beta2 nAChR antagonism contributes to their antidepressant activity. Nortriptyline is an exception with a Cu,b that is 2-fold below its IC50, which is comparable to the nAChR antagonist (+/-)-mecamylamine, for which Cu,b is 4-fold below its IC50; both drugs will inhibit a substantial fraction of alpha4beta2 nAChRs. The Cu,b of the alpha4beta2 nAChR partial agonist varenicline, which has antidepressant-like activity in a murine model, is higher than its IC50 and varenicline is projected to cause ~70% inhibition of alpha4beta2 nAChRs. Taken together these data may help explain the negative outcome of recent antidepressant augmentation trials with mecamylamine and the partial agonist CP-601927.