Other strains: Macaca fascicularis (Crab-eating macaque) (Cynomolgus monkey); Macaca nemestrina. Uno et al found 26 non-synonymous genetic variants in 121 cynomolgus and 23 rhesus macaques. None of these variants corresponded to the null or defective alleles of human BCHE
(Below N is a link to NCBI taxonomic web page and E link to ESTHER at designed phylum.) > cellular organisms: NE > Eukaryota: NE > Opisthokonta: NE > Metazoa: NE > Eumetazoa: NE > Bilateria: NE > Deuterostomia: NE > Chordata: NE > Craniata: NE > Vertebrata: NE > Gnathostomata: NE > Teleostomi: NE > Euteleostomi: NE > Sarcopterygii: NE > Dipnotetrapodomorpha: NE > Tetrapoda: NE > Amniota: NE > Mammalia: NE > Theria: NE > Eutheria: NE > Boreoeutheria: NE > Euarchontoglires: NE > Primates: NE > Haplorrhini: NE > Simiiformes: NE > Catarrhini: NE > Cercopithecoidea: NE > Cercopithecidae: NE > Cercopithecinae: NE > Macaca: NE > Macaca fascicularis: NE
LegendThis sequence has been compared to family alignement (MSA) red => minority aminoacid blue => majority aminoacid color intensity => conservation rate title => sequence position(MSA position)aminoacid rate Catalytic site Catalytic site in the MSA MDSKVTIICIRLLFWFLLLCMLIGKSHTEDDIVIATKNGKVRGMNLTVLG GTVTAFLGIPYAQPPLGRLRFKKPQSLTKWSDIWNATKYANSCYQNIDQS FPGFHGSEMWNPNTDLSEDCLYLNVWIPAPKPKNATVMIWIYGGGFQTGT SSLHVYDGKFLARVERVIVVSMNYRVGALGFLALPGNPEAPGNMGLFDQQ LALQWVQKNIAAFGGNPKSVTLFGESAGAASVSLHLLSPGSHSLFTRAIL QSGSSNAPWAVTSLYEARNRTLTLAKLTGCSRDNETEIVKCLRNKDPHEI LLNEAFVVPYGTLLSVNFGPTMDGDFLTEMPDILLELGQFKKTQILVGVN KDEGTAFLVYGAPGFSKDNDSIITRNEFQEGLKIFFPGVSEFGKESILFH YTDWVDDQRPENYREALDDVVGDYNIICPALEFTKKFSEWGNNAFFYYFE HRSSKLPWPEWMGVMHGYEIEFVFGLPLERRVNYTKAEEILSRSIVKRWA NFAKYGNPNGTHNNSTKWPVFKSTEQKYLTLNTESSRILTKLRAQQCRFW TSFFPKVLEMTGNIDEAEWEWKAGFHRWSNYMMDWKNQFNDYTSKKESCV GL
BACKGROUND: Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), an enzyme essential for drug metabolism, has been investigated as antidotes against organophosphorus nerve agents, and the efficacy and safety have been studied in cynomolgus macaques. BChE polymorphisms partly account for variable BChE activities among individuals in humans, but have not been investigated in cynomolgus macaques. METHODS: Molecular characterization was carried out by analyzing primary sequence, gene, tissue expression, and genetic variants. RESULTS: In cynomolgus and human BChE, phylogenetically closely related, amino acid residues important for enzyme function were conserved, and gene and genomic structure were similar. Cynomolgus BChE mRNA was most abundantly expressed in liver among the 10 tissue types analyzed. Re-sequencing found 26 non-synonymous genetic variants in 121 cynomolgus and 23 rhesus macaques, indicating that macaque BChE is polymorphic, although none of these variants corresponded to the null or defective alleles of human BChE. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest molecular similarities of cynomolgus and human BChE.
The nonhuman primates most commonly used in medical research are from the genus Macaca. To better understand the genetic differences between these animal models, we present high-quality draft genome sequences from two macaque species, the cynomolgus/crab-eating macaque and the Chinese rhesus macaque. Comparison with the previously sequenced Indian rhesus macaque reveals that all three macaques maintain abundant genetic heterogeneity, including millions of single-nucleotide substitutions and many insertions, deletions and gross chromosomal rearrangements. By assessing genetic regions with reduced variability, we identify genes in each macaque species that may have experienced positive selection. Genetic divergence patterns suggest that the cynomolgus macaque genome has been shaped by introgression after hybridization with the Chinese rhesus macaque. Macaque genes display a high degree of sequence similarity with human disease gene orthologs and drug targets. However, we identify several putatively dysfunctional genetic differences between the three macaque species, which may explain functional differences between them previously observed in clinical studies.
