A plasticizer is a chemical additive that increases the flexibility, softness, and workability of materials, especially plastics like PVC, by inserting between polymer chains, reducing intermolecular forces, and lowering the glass transition temperature (Tg). While essential for making products like vinyl flooring, medical tubing, and cables, some older types (like certain phthalates) raise health concerns due to leaching, leading to the development of safer, bio-based alternatives