Gene_locus Report for: aspfu-q4w9r3 Aspergillus fumigatus (Sartorya fumigata) triacylglycerol lipase (LipA), putative
Comment
Other strains: Aspergillus fumigatus (Af293; CEA10 / CBS 144.89 / FGSC A1163; var. RP-2014)(Sartorya fumigata) Relationship
(Below N is a link to NCBI taxonomic web page and E link to ESTHER at designed phylum.) cellular organisms: N E > Eukaryota: N E > Opisthokonta: N E > Fungi: N E > Dikarya: N E > Ascomycota: N E > saccharomyceta: N E > Pezizomycotina: N E > leotiomyceta: N E > Eurotiomycetes: N E > Eurotiomycetidae: N E > Eurotiales: N E > Aspergillaceae: N E > Aspergillus: N E > Aspergillus fumigatus: N E > Aspergillus fumigatus Af293: N E 6_AlphaBeta_hydrolase :
aspfu-q4wac7 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 alpha/beta hydrolase, putative ,
aspfu-q4wea4 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 alpha/beta hydrolase, putative ,
aspfu-q4wfl8 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 alpha/beta superfamily hydrolase, putative ,
aspfu-q4wfr6 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 alpha/beta hydrolase, putative ,
aspfu-q4wgy3 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 alpha/beta hydrolase, putative ,
aspfu-q4wi66 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 alpha/beta hydrolase, putative ,
aspfu-q4wk66 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 hypothetical protein ,
aspfu-q4wna3 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 alpha/beta hydrolase, putative ,
aspfu-q4wp56 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 hypothetical protein ,
aspfu-q4wtj5 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 hypothetical protein ,
aspfu-q4wxg7 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 3-oxoadipate enol-lactone hydrolase, putative .
A85-EsteraseD-FGH :
aspfu-q4wuw0 Aspergillus fumigatus Neosartorya fumigata, Aspergillus clavatus, Neosartorya fischeri, (Aspergillus fischerianus) esterase, putative .
ABHD11-Acetyl_transferase :
aspfu-q4wbp1 Neosartorya fumigata (Aspergillus fumigatus) alpha/beta hydrolase, putative .
ABHD13-BEM46 :
aspfu-q4wgd5 Neosartorya fumigata (Aspergillus fumigatus) BEM46 family protein .
abh_upf0017 :
aspfu-q4wdg2 Aspergillus fumigatus, Neosartorya fischeri (Aspergillus fischerianus), Neosartorya fumigata, hypothetical protein .
Acetylxylan_esterase :
aspfu-q4wg03 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 acetyl xylan esterase (axe1), putative .
Acidic_Lipase :
aspfu-q4wum3 Aspergillus fumigatus, Neosartorya fischeri (Aspergillus fischerianus), Neosartorya fumigata (Aspergillus fumigatus) triglyceride lipase-cholesterol esterase, putative .
AlphaBeta_hydrolase :
aspfu-q4wb02 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 alpha/beta hydrolase, putative ,
aspfu-q4wca4 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 hypothetical protein ,
aspfu-q4wfq9 Aspergillus fumigatus Neosartorya fischeri (Aspergillus fischerianus), Neosartorya fumigata (Aspergillus fumigatus) proteinase, putative .
Bacterial_esterase :
aspfu-q4wbc5 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 Neosartorya fumigata (strain CEA10 / CBS 144.89 / FGSC A1163) (Aspergillus fumigatus) hypothetical protein .
Carboxypeptidase_S10 :
aspfu-q4wdz3 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 carboxypeptidase s1, putative ,
aspfu-q4wnx3 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 serine carboxypeptidase, putative ,
aspfu-q4wy91 Aspergillus fumigatus carboxypeptidase y, putative .
CGI-58_ABHD5_ABHD4 :
aspfu-q4wk31 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 and Neosartorya fumigata (strain CEA10/CBS144.89/FGSC A1163) (Aspergillus fumigatus) alpha/beta hydrolase, putative .
Cocaine_esterase :
aspfu-q4waa4 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 hydrolase, coce/nond family, putative .
Cutinase :
aspfu-q4w9z4 Aspergillus fumigatus, Neosartorya fischeri (Aspergillus fischerianus) Cut3, cutinase, putative ,
aspfu-q4wqv2 Aspergillus fumigatus (Sartorya fumigata), Neosartorya fischeri (Aspergillus fischerianus) Cut2, cutinase 2, (EC 3.1.1.74) (cutin hydrolase 2) putative ,
aspfu-q4x1n0 Aspergillus fumigatus (Sartorya fumigata), Neosartorya fischeri (Aspergillus fischerianus), probable cutinase 1 precursor (EC 3.1.1.74) Cut1 (cutin hydrolase 1) McCut ,
aspfu-q4x078 Aspergillus fumigatus cutinase, putative .
Dienelactone_hydrolase :
aspfu-q4w9d5 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 dienelactone hydrolase family protein ,
aspfu-q4wcp3 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 hypothetical protein ,
aspfu-q4wj61 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293; Aspergillus oryzae dienelactone hydrolase family protein ,
aspfu-q4wkn0 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 dienelactone hydrolase family protein ,
aspfu-q4wlq0 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 dienelactone hydrolase family protein .
DPP4N_Peptidase_S9 :
aspfu-q4wx13 Aspergillus fumigatus, Neosartorya fischeri (Aspergillus fischerianus) dipeptidyl aminopeptidase (ste13), putative .
Duf_676 :
aspfu-q4wex4 Aspergillus fumigatus (Neosartorya fumigata), Neosartorya fischeri (Aspergillus fischerianus), duf676 domain protein ,
aspfu-q4wya2 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 duf676 domain protein .
Duf_1100-S :
aspfu-psoB Neosartorya fumigata (Aspergillus fumigatus) Alpha/beta hydrolase psoB .
Epoxide_hydrolase :
aspfu-q4wny7 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 Neosartorya fischeri (strain ATCC 1020 / DSM 3700 / FGSC A1164 / NRR181) (Aspergillus fischerianus) epoxide hydrolase, putative .
Esterase_phb_PHAZ :
aspfu-q4w9v8 Neosartorya fumigata (strain ATCC MYA-4609 / Af293 / CBS 101355 / FGSC A1100) (Aspergillus fumigatus) Carboxylic ester hydrolase .
FSH1 :
aspfu-q4wim6 Aspergillus fumigatus: Aspergillus Neosartorya fumigata ef-hand domain protein ,
aspfu-q4wr32 Aspergillus fumigatus; Aspergillus Neosartorya fumigata oxidoreductase, putative ,
aspfu-q4wwp7 Aspergillus fumigatus (Aspergillus fumigatus), Neosartorya fischeri (Aspergillus fischerianus); A. lentulus; A. udagawae; A. turcosus; A. novofumigatus; A. thermomutatus, FSH1 .
Fungal-Bact_LIP :
aspfu-q4wa57 Aspergillus fumigatus, Neosartorya fumigata, Neosartorya fischeri (Aspergillus fischerianus), lipase, putative ,
aspfu-q4ww22 Aspergillus fumigatus, Neosartorya fischeri (Aspergillus fischerianus) lipase, putative .
Fungal_carboxylesterase_lipase :
aspfu-q4wag0 Aspergillus fumigatus (Sartorya fumigata)) extracellular lipase, putative ,
aspfu-q4wal3 Aspergillus fumigatus (Sartorya fumigata)) cholinesterase, putative ,
aspfu-q4wbj7 Aspergillus fumigatus (Sartorya fumigata) extracellular lipase, putative ,
aspfu-q4wk90 Aspergillus fumigatus (Sartorya fumigata) carboxylesterase, putative ,
aspfu-q4wm84 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 (and strain CEA10 / CBS 144.89 / FGSC A1163 (Sartorya fumigata)) carboxylesterase, putative ,
aspfu-q4wm86 Aspergillus fumigatus, carboxylesterase, putative ,
aspfu-q4wp19 Aspergillus fumigatus (Sartorya fumigata) carboxylesterase, putative ,
aspfu-q4wvy1 Aspergillus fumigatus, carboxylesterase, putative ,
aspfu-q4wxd0 Aspergillus Neosartorya fumigata (Aspergillus fumigatus) (Sartorya fumigata) carboxylesterase, putative ,
aspfu-q4wxe4 Aspergillus fumigatus (Sartorya fumigata) carboxylesterase, putative ,
aspfu-q4wyq5 Aspergillus fumigatus (Sartorya fumigata) extracellular lipase, putative .
Haloalkane_dehalogenase-HLD1 :
aspfu-q4wbb4 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 haloalkane dehalogenase family protein .
Homoserine_transacetylase :
aspfu-q4wrr7 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 Neosartorya fischeri (strain ATCC 1020 / DSM 3700 / FGSC A1164 / NRR 181) (Aspergillus fischerianus) homoserine acetyltransferase family protein ,
aspfu-q4wui7 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 Neosartorya fischeri (strain ATCC 1020 / DSM 3700 / FGSC A1164 / NRR181) (Aspergillus fischerianus) homoserine o-acetyltransferase .
Hormone-sensitive_lipase_like :
aspfu-q4wb49 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 liph ,
aspfu-q4wbk2 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 hypothetical protein ,
aspfu-q4wbu7 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 hypothetical protein ,
aspfu-q4wcu7 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 esterase, putative ,
aspfu-q4wep8 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 lipase ,
aspfu-q4wf35 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 carboxyl esterase a ,
aspfu-q4wht1 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 lipase/esterase, putative ,
aspfu-q4wkg2 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 lipase, putative ,
aspfu-q4wml1 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 hypothetical acetyl hydrolase ,
aspfu-q4wrq9 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 lipase/esterase, putative ,
aspfu-q4wuv4 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 hypothetical protein ,
aspfu-q4wwv9 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 esterase/lipase, putative ,
aspfu-q4wy28 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 putative lipase/esterase protein ,
aspfu-q4wyw8 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 lipase/esterase family protein, putative ,
aspfu-q4wz13 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 liph ,
aspfu-q4x0l6 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 arylesterase/monoxygenase ,
aspfu-q4x0s2 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 lipase, putative .
Lipase_3 :
aspfu-q4wcx0 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 lipase, putative ,
aspfu-q4we77 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 extracellular lipase, putative ,
aspfu-q4wgg4 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 lipase, putative ,
aspfu-q4wnf9 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 extracellular triacylglycerol lipase, putative .
LYsophospholipase_carboxylesterase :
aspfu-q4wuq9 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 phospholipase/carboxylesterase superfamily .
Monoglyceridelipase_lysophospholip :
aspfu-q4wz16 Aspergillus fumigatus, Neosartorya fumigata, Neosartorya fischeri, alpha/beta hydrolase, putative .
PAF-Acetylhydrolase :
aspfu-q4wz96 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 paf acetylhydrolase family protein .
Palmitoyl-protein_thioesterase :
aspfu-q4wys3 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 palmitoyl-protein thioesterase .
PC-sterol_acyltransferase :
aspfu-q4wxl7 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase, putative .
PGAP1 :
aspfu-q4wgm4 Aspergillus fumigatus, Neosartorya fumigata, Neosartorya fischeri (Aspergillus fischerianus) gpi maturation protein (bst1), putative .
Prolylcarboxypeptidase :
aspfu-q4w9t5 Aspergillus fumigatus, Neosartorya fumigata, (Aspergillus fumigatus) Neosartorya fischeri (Aspergillus fischerianus) Serine peptidase, family S28, putative ,
aspfu-q4win2 Aspergillus fumigatus, Neosartorya fischer (Aspergillus fischerianus) Neosartorya fumigata (Aspergillus fumigatus) serine peptidase, family s28, putative .
Prolyl_oligopeptidase_S9 :
aspfu-q4wce3 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 oligopeptidase family protein .
Tannase :
aspfu-faeb1 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 (and strain CEA10/CBS 144.89/FGSC A1163)(Sartorya fumigata) Ferulic acid esterase B-1 ,
aspfu-q4w9w7 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 tannase, putative ,
aspfu-q4wdx0 Aspergillus fumigatus, feruloyl esterase, putative ,
aspfu-q4wgz0 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 tannase, putative ,
aspfu-q4wmr0 Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 (strain CEA10/CBS 144.89/FGSC A1163)(Sartorya fumigata) Ferulic acid esterase B-2 .
Thioesterase :
aspfu-q4wqw8 Aspergillus fumigatus, polyketide synthase Warning: This entry is a compilation of different species or line or strain with more than 90% amino acide identity. You can
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(Below N is a link to NCBI taxonomic web page and E link to ESTHER at designed phylum.) Aspergillus fumigatus A1163:
N ,
E .
Aspergillus fumigatus var. RP-2014:
N ,
E .
Aspergillus fumigatus Z5:
N ,
E .
Molecular evidence
Database
No mutation No structure No kinetic No Substrate No inhibitor
Sequence
Graphical view for this peptide sequence: aspfu-q4w9r3 Colored MSA for Fungal_carboxylesterase_lipase (raw)
MARRISSLAWLSLLLGALSRALPSSQTQGAIADYPTATLRTSYQSGSKTV
FVGRSLPEFDQELFLGIKYADQPIRFTPSSLKTSYAANDSNSGPYDASGT
GLALSKGTVLYNATQYGHECPGYGSDETKLVDMGLITLHEDCLNLNIIRP
TRKSDNEELLPVMIWIFGGGWQQGATADPRYNMSYILRQGALNGKPVLGV
SINYRVAAFGFLDSEEVRATGNNNLGLRDQRVAMRWVKENIKAFGGDPDK
VTIWGESAGAYSVGAHLVANGGDNEGLFRAAIMESGNAVGPPWNGTDWHQ
PMYDRIVNKAGCSTSSDTLQCLREVPYQSLYDIAYEGLEWFAAIDGSFIK
EYPQISYTEGRLAKVPILLGSNTDEGTSFGTTGTNTDEECINQLICGFFC
RPRQRLVLTMTASKRWVLTREEATRLLTYYPNDPALGCPYGWGNVTWPKL
GLMYKRYESMAGDLTMVAPRRLLAQTMAKYTKQVYSYRWDVPALNTSSTI
GVGHFAEIPFVFANPVQNITPLGTDPSRLELGNMAARMWTSFVTDLNPNG
HGVPRIPQWPKYTPGKKASNFVFRLPANGSYVERDDYRLDGMDYINNIAR
Legend
This sequence has been compared to family alignement (MSA) red => minority aminoacid blue => majority aminoacid color intensity => conservation rate title => sequence position(MSA position)aminoacid rate Catalytic site Catalytic site in the MSA
M A R R I S S L A W L S L L L G A L S R A L P S S Q T Q G A I A D Y P T A T L R T S Y Q S G S K T V F V G R S L P E F D Q E L F L G I K Y A D Q P I R F T P S S L K T S Y A A N D S N S G P Y D A S G T G L A L S K G T V L Y N A T Q Y G H E C P G Y G S D E T K L V D M G L I T L H E D C L N L N I I R P T R K S D N E E L L P V M I W I F G G G W Q Q G A T A D P R Y N M S Y I L R Q G A L N G K P V L G V S I N Y R V A A F G F L D S E E V R A T G N N N L G L R D Q R V A M R W V K E N I K A F G G D P D K V T I W G E S A G A Y S V G A H L V A N G G D N E G L F R A A I M E S G N A V G P P W N G T D W H Q P M Y D R I V N K A G C S T S S D T L Q C L R E V P Y Q S L Y D I A Y E G L E W F A A I D G S F I K E Y P Q I S Y T E G R L A K V P I L L G S N T D E G T S F G T T G T N T D E E C I N Q L I C G F F C R P R Q R L V L T M T A S K R W V L T R E E A T R L L T Y Y P N D P A L G C P Y G W G N V T W P K L G L M Y K R Y E S M A G D L T M V A P R R L L A Q T M A K Y T K Q V Y S Y R W D V P A L N T S S T I G V G H F A E I P F V F A N P V Q N I T P L G T D P S R L E L G N M A A R M W T S F V T D L N P N G H G V P R I P Q W P K Y T P G K K A S N F V F R L P A N G S Y V E R D D Y R L D G M D Y I N N I A R
Reference
Title: Genomic islands in the pathogenic filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatusFedorova ND , Khaldi N , Joardar VS , Maiti R , Amedeo P , Anderson MJ , Crabtree J , Silva JC , Badger JH and Nierman WC <29 more author(s)> Fedorova ND , Khaldi N , Joardar VS , Maiti R , Amedeo P , Anderson MJ , Crabtree J , Silva JC , Badger JH , Albarraq A , Angiuoli S , Bussey H , Bowyer P , Cotty PJ , Dyer PS , Egan A , Galens K , Fraser-Liggett CM , Haas BJ , Inman JM , Kent R , Lemieux S , Malavazi I , Orvis J , Roemer T , Ronning CM , Sundaram JP , Sutton G , Turner G , Venter JC , White OR , Whitty BR , Youngman P , Wolfe KH , Goldman GH , Wortman JR , Jiang B , Denning DW , Nierman WC (- 29) Ref: PLoS Genet, 4 :e1000046, 2008 : PubMed Abstract ESTHER: Fedorova_2008_PLoS.Genet_4_E1000046 PubMedSearch: Fedorova 2008 PLoS.Genet 4 E1000046 PubMedID: 18404212 Gene_locus related to this paper: aspcl-a1c4m6 ,
aspcl-a1c5a7 ,
aspcl-a1c6w3 ,
aspcl-a1c8p7 ,
aspcl-a1c8q9 ,
aspcl-a1c9k4 ,
aspcl-a1c759 ,
aspcl-a1c786 ,
aspcl-a1c823 ,
aspcl-a1c859 ,
aspcl-a1c881 ,
aspcl-a1c994 ,
aspcl-a1cag4 ,
aspcl-a1caj8 ,
aspcl-a1cas0 ,
aspcl-a1cc86 ,
aspcl-a1ccq2 ,
aspcl-a1cfv7 ,
aspcl-a1chj6 ,
aspcl-a1cif4 ,
aspcl-a1ck14 ,
aspcl-a1cke4 ,
aspcl-a1ckq1 ,
aspcl-a1cli1 ,
aspcl-a1cln8 ,
aspcl-a1cm72 ,
aspcl-a1cns2 ,
aspcl-a1cpk9 ,
aspcl-a1cra8 ,
aspcl-a1crr5 ,
aspcl-a1crs9 ,
aspcl-a1cs04 ,
aspcl-a1cs39 ,
aspcl-a1cu39 ,
aspcl-atg15 ,
aspcl-axe1 ,
aspcl-cuti1 ,
aspcl-cuti3 ,
aspcl-dapb ,
aspcl-dpp4 ,
aspcl-dpp5 ,
aspcl-faeb ,
aspcl-faec1 ,
aspcl-faec2 ,
aspfc-b0xp50 ,
aspfc-b0xu40 ,
aspfc-b0xzj6 ,
aspfc-b0y2h6 ,
aspfc-b0y962 ,
aspfc-b0yaj6 ,
aspfc-dpp5 ,
aspfu-DPP4 ,
aspfu-faeb1 ,
aspfu-faec ,
aspfu-ppme1 ,
aspfu-q4w9r3 ,
aspfu-q4w9t5 ,
aspfu-q4w9z4 ,
aspfu-q4wa57 ,
aspfu-q4wa78 ,
aspfu-q4wag0 ,
aspfu-q4wal3 ,
aspfu-q4wbc5 ,
aspfu-q4wbj7 ,
aspfu-q4wdg2 ,
aspfu-q4wf06 ,
aspfu-q4wf29 ,
aspfu-q4wf56 ,
aspfu-q4wfq9 ,
aspfu-q4wg73 ,
aspfu-q4wgm4 ,
aspfu-q4win2 ,
aspfu-q4wk31 ,
aspfu-q4wk44 ,
aspfu-q4wk90 ,
aspfu-q4wm12 ,
aspfu-q4wm84 ,
aspfu-q4wm86 ,
aspfu-q4wmr0 ,
aspfu-q4wny7 ,
aspfu-q4wp19 ,
aspfu-q4wpb9 ,
aspfu-q4wqj8 ,
aspfu-q4wqv2 ,
aspfu-q4wrr7 ,
aspfu-q4wu51 ,
aspfu-q4wub2 ,
aspfu-q4wui7 ,
aspfu-q4wuk8 ,
aspfu-q4wum3 ,
aspfu-q4wuw0 ,
aspfu-q4wvy1 ,
aspfu-q4ww22 ,
aspfu-q4wx13 ,
aspfu-q4wxd0 ,
aspfu-q4wxe4 ,
aspfu-q4wxr1 ,
aspfu-q4wyq5 ,
aspfu-q4wz16 ,
aspfu-q4wzd5 ,
aspfu-q4wzh6 ,
aspfu-q4x0n6 ,
aspfu-q4x1n0 ,
aspfu-q4x1w9 ,
aspfu-q4x078 ,
neofi-a1cwa6 ,
neofi-a1d4m8 ,
neofi-a1d4p0 ,
neofi-a1d5p2 ,
neofi-a1d104 ,
neofi-a1d380 ,
neofi-a1d512 ,
neofi-a1d654 ,
neofi-a1da18 ,
neofi-a1dal8 ,
neofi-a1df46 ,
neofi-a1dhj0 ,
neofi-a1di44 ,
neofi-a1dk35 ,
neofi-a1dki7 ,
neofi-a1dkt6 ,
neofi-a1dn55 ,
neofi-atg15 ,
neofi-axe1 ,
neofi-faeb1 ,
neofi-faeb2 ,
neofi-faec ,
aspcl-a1cd34 ,
aspcl-a1cd88 ,
neofi-a1dc66 ,
aspcl-a1ceh5 ,
neofi-a1dfr9 ,
aspfm-a0a084bf80 ,
aspcl-a1cqb5 ,
aspcl-a1cs44 ,
neofi-a1d517 ,
neofi-a1dbz0 ,
neofi-a1cuz0 ,
aspcl-a1c5e8 ,
neofi-a1d0b8 ,
aspcl-a1cdf0 ,
aspcl-a1ccd3 ,
neofi-a1da82 ,
neofi-a1d5e6 ,
aspcl-kex1 ,
aspcl-cbpya Abstract
We present the genome sequences of a new clinical isolate of the important human pathogen, Aspergillus fumigatus, A1163, and two closely related but rarely pathogenic species, Neosartorya fischeri NRRL181 and Aspergillus clavatus NRRL1. Comparative genomic analysis of A1163 with the recently sequenced A. fumigatus isolate Af293 has identified core, variable and up to 2% unique genes in each genome. While the core genes are 99.8% identical at the nucleotide level, identity for variable genes can be as low 40%. The most divergent loci appear to contain heterokaryon incompatibility (het) genes associated with fungal programmed cell death such as developmental regulator rosA. Cross-species comparison has revealed that 8.5%, 13.5% and 12.6%, respectively, of A. fumigatus, N. fischeri and A. clavatus genes are species-specific. These genes are significantly smaller in size than core genes, contain fewer exons and exhibit a subtelomeric bias. Most of them cluster together in 13 chromosomal islands, which are enriched for pseudogenes, transposons and other repetitive elements. At least 20% of A. fumigatus-specific genes appear to be functional and involved in carbohydrate and chitin catabolism, transport, detoxification, secondary metabolism and other functions that may facilitate the adaptation to heterogeneous environments such as soil or a mammalian host. Contrary to what was suggested previously, their origin cannot be attributed to horizontal gene transfer (HGT), but instead is likely to involve duplication, diversification and differential gene loss (DDL). The role of duplication in the origin of lineage-specific genes is further underlined by the discovery of genomic islands that seem to function as designated "gene dumps" and, perhaps, simultaneously, as "gene factories".
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