Clopidogrel
Clopidogrel is a P2Y12 Platelet Inhibitor. The mechanism of action of clopidogrel is as a P2Y12 Receptor Antagonist, and Cytochrome P450 2C8 Inhibitor. The physiologic effect of clopidogrel is by means of Decreased Platelet Aggregation. Clopidogrel is an inactive prodrug, approximately 85% of clopidogrel is hydrolyzed by CES1 to an inactive carboxylic acid metabolite, while the remaining 15% is oxidized by CYP450s (mainly mediated by CYP2C19) to generate the active thiol metabolite H4. Variants of CES1 affect Clopidogrel pharmacokinetics
General
Type : Not A\/B H target, Drug, Pyridine, Antiplatlet
Chemical_Nomenclature : methyl (2S)-2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(6,7-dihydro-4H-thieno[3,2-c]pyridin-5-yl)acetate
Canonical SMILES : COC(=O)C(C1=CC=CC=C1Cl)N2CCC3=C(C2)C=CS3
InChI : InChI=1S\/C16H16ClNO2S\/c1-20-16(19)15(12-4-2-3-5-13(12)17)18-8-6-14-11(10-18)7-9-21-14\/h2-5,7,9,15H,6,8,10H2,1H3\/t15-\/m0\/s1
InChIKey : GKTWGGQPFAXNFI-HNNXBMFYSA-N
Other name(s) : Plavix || Zyllt || (S)-Clopidogrel || CHEMBL1771
MW : 321.81
Formula : C16H16ClNO2S
CAS_number : 113665-84-2
PubChem : 60606
UniChem : GKTWGGQPFAXNFI-HNNXBMFYSA-N
IUPHAR : 7150
Wikipedia : Clopidogrel
Target
Structures : No structure
Families : Carb_B_Chordata
References (35)
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| Author(s) : Lewis JP , Ryan KA , Streeten EA , Whitlatch HB , Daue M , Tanner K , Perry JA , O'Connell JR , Shuldiner AR , Mitchell BD |
| Ref : Clin Transl Sci , 17 :e70079 , 2024 |
| Abstract : |
| PubMedSearch : Lewis_2024_Clin.Transl.Sci_17_e70079 |
| PubMedID: 39576732 |
| Title : Is Genetic Variability in Carboxylesterase-1 and Carboxylesterase-2 Drug Metabolism an Important Component of Personalized Medicine? - Laizure_2020_Xenobiotica_50_92 |
| Author(s) : Laizure SC , Parker RB |
| Ref : Xenobiotica , 50 :92 , 2020 |
| Abstract : |
| PubMedSearch : Laizure_2020_Xenobiotica_50_92 |
| PubMedID: 31601149 |
| Title : Inhibition of Carboxylesterase-1 Alters Clopidogrel Metabolism and Disposition - Laizure_2020_Xenobiotica_50_245 |
| Author(s) : Laizure SC , Hu ZY , Potter PM , Parker RB |
| Ref : Xenobiotica , 50 :245 , 2020 |
| Abstract : |
| PubMedSearch : Laizure_2020_Xenobiotica_50_245 |
| PubMedID: 31039046 |
| Title : Effects of the rs2244613 polymorphism of the CES1 gene on the antiplatelet effect of the receptor P2Y12 blocker clopidogrel - Mirzaev_2019_Drug.Metab.Pers.Ther_34_ |
| Author(s) : Mirzaev KB , Osipova DV , Kitaeva EJ , Shprakh VV , Abdullaev SP , Andreev DA , Mumladze RB , Sychev DA |
| Ref : Drug Metab Pers Ther , 34 : , 2019 |
| Abstract : |
| PubMedSearch : Mirzaev_2019_Drug.Metab.Pers.Ther_34_ |
| PubMedID: 31560647 |
| Title : Interspecies variation of clopidogrel hydrolysis in liver microsomes from various manmmals - Wang_2019_Chem.Biol.Interact__108871 |
| Author(s) : Wang YQ , Shang XF , Wang L , Zhang P , Zou LW , Song YQ , Hao DC , Fang SQ , Ge GB , Tang H |
| Ref : Chemico-Biological Interactions , :108871 , 2019 |
| Abstract : |
| PubMedSearch : Wang_2019_Chem.Biol.Interact__108871 |
| PubMedID: 31669218 |
| Title : Effects of Genetic Variants on Carboxylesterase 1 Gene Expression, and Clopidogrel Pharmacokinetics and Antiplatelet Effects - Neuvonen_2018_Basic.Clin.Pharmacol.Toxicol_122_341 |
| Author(s) : Neuvonen M , Tarkiainen EK , Tornio A , Hirvensalo P , Tapaninen T , Paile-Hyvarinen M , Itkonen MK , Holmberg MT , Karja V , Mannisto VT , Neuvonen PJ , Pihlajamaki J , Backman JT , Niemi M |
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| Abstract : |
| PubMedSearch : Neuvonen_2018_Basic.Clin.Pharmacol.Toxicol_122_341 |
| PubMedID: 28990360 |
| Gene_locus related to this paper: human-CES1 |
| Title : A Comprehensive Functional Assessment of Carboxylesterase 1 Nonsynonymous Polymorphisms - Wang_2017_Drug.Metab.Dispos_45_1149 |
| Author(s) : Wang X , Rida N , Shi J , Wu AH , Bleske BE , Zhu HJ |
| Ref : Drug Metabolism & Disposition: The Biological Fate of Chemicals , 45 :1149 , 2017 |
| Abstract : |
| PubMedSearch : Wang_2017_Drug.Metab.Dispos_45_1149 |
| PubMedID: 28838926 |
| Gene_locus related to this paper: human-CES1 |
| Title : Effect of carboxylesterase 1 S75N on clopidogrel therapy among acute coronary syndrome patients - Xiao_2017_Sci.Rep_7_7244 |
| Author(s) : Xiao FY , Luo JQ , Liu M , Chen BL , Cao S , Liu ZQ , Zhou HH , Zhou G , Zhang W |
| Ref : Sci Rep , 7 :7244 , 2017 |
| Abstract : |
| PubMedSearch : Xiao_2017_Sci.Rep_7_7244 |
| PubMedID: 28775293 |
| Gene_locus related to this paper: human-CES1 |
| Title : Gambogic acid potentiates clopidogrel-induced apoptosis and attenuates irinotecan-induced apoptosis through down-regulating human carboxylesterase 1 and -2 - Ning_2016_Xenobiotica__1 |
| Author(s) : Ning R , Wang XP , Zhan YR , Qi Q , Huang XF , Hu G , Guo QL , Liu W , Yang J |
| Ref : Xenobiotica , :1 , 2016 |
| Abstract : |
| PubMedSearch : Ning_2016_Xenobiotica__1 |
| PubMedID: 26750665 |
| Title : Liver Function is Associated With Response to Clopidogrel Therapy in Patients Undergoing Angioplasty and Stenting - Gremmel_2016_Angiology_67_835 |
| Author(s) : Gremmel T , Mueller M , Koppensteiner R , Panzer S |
| Ref : Angiology , 67 :835 , 2016 |
| Abstract : |
| PubMedSearch : Gremmel_2016_Angiology_67_835 |
| PubMedID: 26416820 |
| Title : Regulatory effects of genomic translocations at the human carboxylesterase-1 (CES1) gene locus - Sanford_2016_Pharmacogenet.Genomics_26_197 |
| Author(s) : Sanford JC , Wang X , Shi J , Barrie ES , Wang D , Zhu HJ , Sadee W |
| Ref : Pharmacogenet Genomics , 26 :197 , 2016 |
| Abstract : |
| PubMedSearch : Sanford_2016_Pharmacogenet.Genomics_26_197 |
| PubMedID: 26871237 |
| Gene_locus related to this paper: human-CES1 |
| Title : Carboxylesterase 1-Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions between Clopidogrel and Simvastatin - Wang_2015_Biol.Pharm.Bull_38_292 |
| Author(s) : Wang X , Zhu HJ , Markowitz JS |
| Ref : Biol Pharm Bull , 38 :292 , 2015 |
| Abstract : |
| PubMedSearch : Wang_2015_Biol.Pharm.Bull_38_292 |
| PubMedID: 25747989 |
| Title : Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with clopidogrel: updated review and risk management in combination therapy - Wang_2015_Ther.Clin.Risk.Manag_11_449 |
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| Ref : Ther Clin Risk Manag , 11 :449 , 2015 |
| Abstract : |
| PubMedSearch : Wang_2015_Ther.Clin.Risk.Manag_11_449 |
| PubMedID: 25848291 |
| Title : A population-based study of the drug interaction between clopidogrel and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors - Cressman_2015_Br.J.Clin.Pharmacol_80_662 |
| Author(s) : Cressman AM , Macdonald EM , Fernandes KA , Gomes T , Paterson JM , Mamdani MM , Juurlink DN |
| Ref : British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology , 80 :662 , 2015 |
| Abstract : |
| PubMedSearch : Cressman_2015_Br.J.Clin.Pharmacol_80_662 |
| PubMedID: 25980448 |
| Title : Comparison of substrate specificity among human arylacetamide deacetylase and carboxylesterases - Fukami_2015_Eur.J.Pharm.Sci_78_47 |
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| Ref : Eur J Pharm Sci , 78 :47 , 2015 |
| Abstract : |
| PubMedSearch : Fukami_2015_Eur.J.Pharm.Sci_78_47 |
| PubMedID: 26164127 |
| Gene_locus related to this paper: human-AADAC , human-CES1 , human-CES2 |
| Title : Carboxylesterase 1 c.428G>\;A single nucleotide variation increases the antiplatelet effects of clopidogrel by reducing its hydrolysis in humans - Tarkiainen_2015_Clin.Pharmacol.Ther_97_650 |
| Author(s) : Tarkiainen EK , Holmberg MT , Tornio A , Neuvonen M , Neuvonen PJ , Backman JT , Niemi M |
| Ref : Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics , 97 :650 , 2015 |
| Abstract : |
| PubMedSearch : Tarkiainen_2015_Clin.Pharmacol.Ther_97_650 |
| PubMedID: 25704243 |
| Gene_locus related to this paper: human-CES1 |
| Title : The effects of CES1A2 A(-816)C and CYP2C19 loss-of-function polymorphisms on clopidogrel response variability among Chinese patients with coronary heart disease - Xie_2014_Pharmacogenet.Genomics_24_204 |
| Author(s) : Xie C , Ding X , Gao J , Wang H , Hang Y , Zhang H , Zhang J , Jiang B , Miao L |
| Ref : Pharmacogenet Genomics , 24 :204 , 2014 |
| Abstract : |
| PubMedSearch : Xie_2014_Pharmacogenet.Genomics_24_204 |
| PubMedID: 24535487 |
| Title : Multiple Cytochrome P450 Isoforms Are Involved in the Generation of a Pharmacologically Active Thiol Metabolite, whereas Paraoxonase 1 and Carboxylesterase 1 Catalyze the Formation of a Thiol Metabolite Isomer from Ticlopidine - Kim_2014_Drug.Metab.Dispos_42_141 |
| Author(s) : Kim MJ , Jeong ES , Park JS , Lee SJ , Ghim JL , Choi CS , Shin JG , Kim DH |
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| Abstract : |
| PubMedSearch : Kim_2014_Drug.Metab.Dispos_42_141 |
| PubMedID: 24170778 |
| Gene_locus related to this paper: human-CES1 |
| Title : Clopidogrel Bioactivation and Risk of Bleeding in Patients Cotreated With Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors After Myocardial Infarction: A Proof-of-Concept Study - Kristensen_2014_Clin.Pharmacol.Ther_96_713 |
| Author(s) : Kristensen KE , Zhu HJ , Wang X , Gislason GH , Torp-Pedersen C , Rasmussen HB , Markowitz JS , Hansen PR |
| Ref : Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics , 96 :713 , 2014 |
| Abstract : |
| PubMedSearch : Kristensen_2014_Clin.Pharmacol.Ther_96_713 |
| PubMedID: 25222620 |
| Title : The pharmacogenetics of carboxylesterases: CES1 and CES2 genetic variants and their clinical effect - Merali_2014_Drug.Metabol.Drug.Interact_29_143 |
| Author(s) : Merali Z , Ross S , Pare G |
| Ref : Drug Metabol Drug Interact , 29 :143 , 2014 |
| Abstract : |
| PubMedSearch : Merali_2014_Drug.Metabol.Drug.Interact_29_143 |
| PubMedID: 24988246 |
| Gene_locus related to this paper: human-CES2 |
| Title : The functional G143E variant of carboxylesterase 1 is associated with increased clopidogrel active metabolite levels and greater clopidogrel response - Lewis_2013_Pharmacogenet.Genomics_23_1 |
| Author(s) : Lewis JP , Horenstein RB , Ryan K , O'Connell JR , Gibson Q , Mitchell BD , Tanner K , Chai S , Bliden KP , Tantry US , Peer CJ , Figg WD , Spencer SD , Pacanowski MA , Gurbel PA , Shuldiner AR |
| Ref : Pharmacogenet Genomics , 23 :1 , 2013 |
| Abstract : |
| PubMedSearch : Lewis_2013_Pharmacogenet.Genomics_23_1 |
| PubMedID: 23111421 |
| Gene_locus related to this paper: human-CES1 |
| Title : Carboxylesterase 1 as a determinant of clopidogrel metabolism and activation - Zhu_2013_J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther_344_665 |
| Author(s) : Zhu HJ , Wang X , Gawronski BE , Brinda BJ , Angiolillo DJ , Markowitz JS |
| Ref : Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics , 344 :665 , 2013 |
| Abstract : |
| PubMedSearch : Zhu_2013_J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther_344_665 |
| PubMedID: 23275066 |
| Gene_locus related to this paper: human-CES1 |
| Title : The paraoxonase-1 pathway is not a major bioactivation pathway of clopidogrel in vitro - Ancrenaz_2012_Br.J.Pharmacol_166_2362 |
| Author(s) : Ancrenaz V , Desmeules J , James RW , Fontana P , Reny JL , Dayer P , Daali Y |
| Ref : British Journal of Pharmacology , 166 :2362 , 2012 |
| Abstract : |
| PubMedSearch : Ancrenaz_2012_Br.J.Pharmacol_166_2362 |
| PubMedID: 22428615 |
| Title : Conclusive identification of the oxybutynin-hydrolyzing enzyme in human liver - Sato_2012_Drug.Metab.Dispos_40_902 |
| Author(s) : Sato Y , Miyashita A , Iwatsubo T , Usui T |
| Ref : Drug Metabolism & Disposition: The Biological Fate of Chemicals , 40 :902 , 2012 |
| Abstract : |
| PubMedSearch : Sato_2012_Drug.Metab.Dispos_40_902 |
| PubMedID: 22293119 |
| Title : Influence of the paraoxonase-1 Q192R genetic variant on clopidogrel responsiveness and recurrent cardiovascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis - Reny_2012_J.Thromb.Haemost_10_1242 |
| Author(s) : Reny JL , Combescure C , Daali Y , Fontana P |
| Ref : J Thromb Haemost , 10 :1242 , 2012 |
| Abstract : |
| PubMedSearch : Reny_2012_J.Thromb.Haemost_10_1242 |
| PubMedID: 22520065 |
| Title : Paraoxonase-1 is a major determinant of clopidogrel efficacy - Bouman_2011_Nat.Med_17_110 |
| Author(s) : Bouman HJ , Schomig E , van Werkum JW , Velder J , Hackeng CM , Hirschhauser C , Waldmann C , Schmalz HG , ten Berg JM , Taubert D |
| Ref : Nat Med , 17 :110 , 2011 |
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| PubMedSearch : Bouman_2011_Nat.Med_17_110 |
| PubMedID: 21170047 |
| Title : Paraoxonase-1 and clopidogrel efficacy - |
| Author(s) : Camps J , Joven J , Mackness B , Mackness MI , Tawfik DS , Draganov DI , Costa LG , Paragh G , Seres I , Horke S , James RW , Hernandez AF , Reddy ST , Shih DM , Navab M , Rochu D , Aviram M |
| Ref : Nat Med , 17 :1041 , 2011 |
| PubMedID: 21900915 |
| Title : Paraoxonase-1 and clopidogrel efficacy - |
| Author(s) : Dansette PM , Rosi J , Bertho G , Mansuy D |
| Ref : Nat Med , 17 :1040 , 2011 |
| PubMedID: 21900914 |
| Title : Influence of high-density lipoprotein and paraoxonase-1 on platelet reactivity in patients with acute coronary syndromes receiving clopidogrel therapy - Tselepis_2011_J.Thromb.Haemost_9_2371 |
| Author(s) : Tselepis AD , Tsoumani ME , Kalantzi KI , Dimitriou AA , Tellis CC , Goudevenos IA |
| Ref : J Thromb Haemost , 9 :2371 , 2011 |
| Abstract : |
| PubMedSearch : Tselepis_2011_J.Thromb.Haemost_9_2371 |
| PubMedID: 22008470 |
| Title : A comparison of the metabolism of clopidogrel and prasugrel - Laizure_2010_Expert.Opin.Drug.Metab.Toxicol_6_1417 |
| Author(s) : Laizure SC , Parker RB |
| Ref : Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol , 6 :1417 , 2010 |
| Abstract : |
| PubMedSearch : Laizure_2010_Expert.Opin.Drug.Metab.Toxicol_6_1417 |
| PubMedID: 20839914 |
| Title : Metabolism and disposition of the thienopyridine antiplatelet drugs ticlopidine, clopidogrel, and prasugrel in humans - Farid_2010_J.Clin.Pharmacol_50_126 |
| Author(s) : Farid NA , Kurihara A , Wrighton SA |
| Ref : Journal of Clinical Pharmacology , 50 :126 , 2010 |
| Abstract : |
| PubMedSearch : Farid_2010_J.Clin.Pharmacol_50_126 |
| PubMedID: 19948947 |
| Title : A possible mechanism for the differences in efficiency and variability of active metabolite formation from thienopyridine antiplatelet agents, prasugrel and clopidogrel - Hagihara_2009_Drug.Metab.Dispos_37_2145 |
| Author(s) : Hagihara K , Kazui M , Kurihara A , Yoshiike M , Honda K , Okazaki O , Farid NA , Ikeda T |
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| Abstract : |
| PubMedSearch : Hagihara_2009_Drug.Metab.Dispos_37_2145 |
| PubMedID: 19704027 |
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| Author(s) : Shi D , Yang J , Yang D , LeCluyse EL , Black C , You L , Akhlaghi F , Yan B |
| Ref : Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics , 319 :1477 , 2006 |
| Abstract : |
| PubMedSearch : Shi_2006_J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther_319_1477 |
| PubMedID: 16966469 |