The pyridinium-2-carbaldoximes with quinolinium carboxamide moiety were designed and synthesised as cholinesterase reactivators. The prepared compounds showed intermediate-to-high inhibition of both cholinesterases when compared to standard oximes. Their reactivation ability was evaluated in vitro on human recombinant acetylcholinesterase (hrAChE) and human recombinant butyrylcholinesterase (hrBChE) inhibited by nerve agent surrogates (NIMP, NEMP, and NEDPA) or paraoxon. In the reactivation screening, one compound was able to reactivate hrAChE inhibited by all used organophosphates and two novel compounds were able to reactivate NIMP/NEMP-hrBChE. The reactivation kinetics revealed compound 11 that proved to be excellent reactivator of paraoxon-hrAChE better to obidoxime and showed increased reactivation of NIMP/NEMP-hrBChE, although worse to obidoxime. The molecular interactions of studied reactivators were further identified by in silico calculations. Molecular modelling results revealed the importance of creation of the pre-reactivation complex that could lead to better reactivation of both cholinesterases together with reducing particular interactions for lower intrinsic inhibition by the oxime.
        
Title: Rapid biodegradation of polyphenylene sulfide plastic beads by Pseudomonas sp Li J, Kim HR, Lee HM, Yu HC, Jeon E, Lee S, Kim DH Ref: Sci Total Environ, 720:137616, 2020 : PubMed
Pseudomonas sp. isolated from soil, are bioremediating microorganisms that are capable of degrading various types of plastics. Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) has the most excellent structural stability among general plastics and thus is extremely difficult to break down using physical or chemical methods. This study demonstrates the efficient biodegradation of PPS by Pseudomonas sp., which exists in the gut of superworms. Compared with the conventional film-type of plastic, the degradation efficiencies to the bead form of plastic were significantly improved and thus the biodegradation time was dramatically shortened. Therefore, instead of film-type plastics, we used 300smicrom diameter plastic beads for the measurement of Pseudomonas sp.-mediated biodegradation of PPS during a 10-day period. This method not only can be used for comparison and verification of the biodegradation efficiency of different types of plastics within a short reaction time of 10sdays, but also provides the possibility to develop a new and more efficient screening system to rapidly identify the most efficient species of bacteria for the biodegradation of various types of plastics.
        
Title: Alpha-lipoic acid induces adipose triglyceride lipase expression and decreases intracellular lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells Kuo YT, Lin TH, Chen WL, Lee HM Ref: European Journal of Pharmacology, 692:10, 2012 : PubMed
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease can be attributed to the imbalance between lipogenesis and lipolysis in the liver Alpha-lipoic acid has been shown to activate the 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase AMPK signalling pathway and to effectively inhibit the lipogenesis pathway in liver However whether alpha-lipoic acid stimulates lipolysis remains unclear Recently adipose triglyceride lipase ATGL was shown to be responsible for triacylglycerol hydrolase activity in cells In the present study we established a fatty liver cell model by incubating HepG2 cells in a high glucose 30mM glucose and high fat 0.1mM palmitate medium We found that the activation of the AMPK signalling pathway induced ATGL protein expression and enhanced lipid hydrolysis Similarly treatment of the fatty liver cell model with alpha-lipoic acid reduced intracellular lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells increased AMPK phosphorylation and induced ATGL expression We showed that insulin phosphorylates the transcription factor forkhead box O1 FOXO1 which regulates ATGL expression and inhibits FOXO1 translocation into the nucleus In contrast alpha-lipoic acid dephosphorylated FOXO1 and reversed the nuclear exclusion of FOXO1 These data suggest that alpha-lipoic acid can effectively ameliorate intracellular lipid accumulation and induce ATGL expression through the FOXO1/ATGL pathway in liver cells Thus alpha-lipoic acid may be a potential therapeutic agent for treating fatty liver disease.
The finished sequence of human chromosome 10 comprises a total of 131,666,441 base pairs. It represents 99.4% of the euchromatic DNA and includes one megabase of heterochromatic sequence within the pericentromeric region of the short and long arm of the chromosome. Sequence annotation revealed 1,357 genes, of which 816 are protein coding, and 430 are pseudogenes. We observed widespread occurrence of overlapping coding genes (either strand) and identified 67 antisense transcripts. Our analysis suggests that both inter- and intrachromosomal segmental duplications have impacted on the gene count on chromosome 10. Multispecies comparative analysis indicated that we can readily annotate the protein-coding genes with current resources. We estimate that over 95% of all coding exons were identified in this study. Assessment of single base changes between the human chromosome 10 and chimpanzee sequence revealed nonsense mutations in only 21 coding genes with respect to the human sequence.
The laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus) is an indispensable tool in experimental medicine and drug development, having made inestimable contributions to human health. We report here the genome sequence of the Brown Norway (BN) rat strain. The sequence represents a high-quality 'draft' covering over 90% of the genome. The BN rat sequence is the third complete mammalian genome to be deciphered, and three-way comparisons with the human and mouse genomes resolve details of mammalian evolution. This first comprehensive analysis includes genes and proteins and their relation to human disease, repeated sequences, comparative genome-wide studies of mammalian orthologous chromosomal regions and rearrangement breakpoints, reconstruction of ancestral karyotypes and the events leading to existing species, rates of variation, and lineage-specific and lineage-independent evolutionary events such as expansion of gene families, orthology relations and protein evolution.
The genome sequence of the solvent-producing bacterium Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 has been determined by the shotgun approach. The genome consists of a 3.94-Mb chromosome and a 192-kb megaplasmid that contains the majority of genes responsible for solvent production. Comparison of C. acetobutylicum to Bacillus subtilis reveals significant local conservation of gene order, which has not been seen in comparisons of other genomes with similar, or, in some cases closer, phylogenetic proximity. This conservation allows the prediction of many previously undetected operons in both bacteria. However, the C. acetobutylicum genome also contains a significant number of predicted operons that are shared with distantly related bacteria and archaea but not with B. subtilis. Phylogenetic analysis is compatible with the dissemination of such operons by horizontal transfer. The enzymes of the solventogenesis pathway and of the cellulosome of C. acetobutylicum comprise a new set of metabolic capacities not previously represented in the collection of complete genomes. These enzymes show a complex pattern of evolutionary affinities, emphasizing the role of lateral gene exchange in the evolution of the unique metabolic profile of the bacterium. Many of the sporulation genes identified in B. subtilis are missing in C. acetobutylicum, which suggests major differences in the sporulation process. Thus, comparative analysis reveals both significant conservation of the genome organization and pronounced differences in many systems that reflect unique adaptive strategies of the two gram-positive bacteria.