VX
The V-series weapons, including VX, are the most highly toxic chemical warfare nerve agents. Nerve agents are compounds that have the capacity to inactivate the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The first compounds to be synthesized were known as the G agents (G stands for German): tabun (GA), sarin (GB), and soman (GD). These compounds were discovered and synthesized by German scientists, led by Dr Gerhard Schrader, during World War II. The V agents are part of the group of persistent agents, which are nerve agents that can remain on skin, clothes, and other surfaces for long periods of time. The consistency of these agents is similar to oil; thus, the inhalation hazard is less than with the G agents. This consistency thus renders them toxic mainly by dermal exposures. The British first synthesized O-ethyl S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothioate (VX) in 1954.
General
Type : Chemical Warfare Agent, Organophosphate, Nerve Agent V-series, Derivative of VX, Sulfur Compound
Chemical_Nomenclature : N-[2-[ethoxy(methyl)phosphoryl]sulfanylethyl]-N-propan-2-ylpropan-2-amine
Canonical SMILES : CCOP(=O)(C)SCCN(C(C)C)C(C)C
InChI : InChI=1S\/C11H26NO2PS\/c1-7-14-15(6,13)16-9-8-12(10(2)3)11(4)5\/h10-11H,7-9H2,1-6H3
InChIKey : JJIUCEJQJXNMHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Other name(s) : O-ethyle methylphosphonothiolate, S-2 diiso propylaminoethyl, O-ehtyl-S2-diisopropylaminoethyl methyl-phosphonothinate, methylthiophosphorous acid O-ethyl-S-2-diisopropyl-aminoethylester, EDIM, VX (van), Tx 60, CCRIS 3351, HSDB 6459, BRN 1949015, NISTC50782699, EA 1701, Ethyl S-dimethylaminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate, Ethyl-S-diisopropylaminoethyl methylthiophosphonate, MPT, EA-1701, methylphosphonothioic acid
MW : 267.37
Formula : C11H26NO2PS
CAS_number : 50782-69-9
PubChem : 39793
UniChem : JJIUCEJQJXNMHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Wikipedia : VX_(nerve_agent)
Target
Families : VX ligand of proteins in family
ACHE
BCHE
Protein :
torca-ACHE
human-ACHE
mouse-ACHE
human-BCHE
References (70)
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| Author(s) : Noga M , Michalska A , Jurowski K |
| Ref : Archives of Toxicology , : , 2023 |
| PubMedID: 38051368 |
| Title : Enzymatic Decontamination of G-Type, V-Type and Novichok Nerve Agents - Jacquet_2021_Int.J.Mol.Sci_22_ |
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| PubMedID: 34360916 |
| Title : A Thermophilic Bacterial Esterase for Scavenging Nerve Agents: A Kinetic, Biophysical and Structural Study - Bzdrenga_2021_Molecules_26_657 |
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| Ref : Molecules , 26 :657 , 2021 |
| PubMedID: 33513869 |
| Gene_locus related to this paper: 9bact-TtEst2 |
| Title : Rational design, synthesis and evaluation of uncharged, smart bis-oxime antidotes of organophosphate-inhibited human acetylcholinesterase - Gorecki_2020_J.Biol.Chem_295_4079 |
| Author(s) : Gorecki L , Gerlits O , Kong X , Cheng X , Blumenthal DK , Taylor P , Ballatore C , Kovalevsky A , Radic Z |
| Ref : Journal of Biological Chemistry , 295 :4079 , 2020 |
| PubMedID: 32019865 |
| Gene_locus related to this paper: human-ACHE |
| Title : The use of VX as a terrorist agent: action by Aum Shinrikyo of Japan and the death of Kim Jong-Nam in Malaysia: four case studies - Tu_2020_Global.Security.Health.Science.Policy_5_45 |
| Author(s) : Tu AT |
| Ref : Global Security: Health, Science and Policy , 5 :48 , 2020 |
| PubMedID: |
| Title : Molecular modeling studies on the interactions of 7-methoxytacrine-4-pyridinealdoxime, 4-PA, 2-PAM, and obidoxime with VX-inhibited human acetylcholinesterase: a near attack conformation approach - da Silva_2019_J.Enzyme.Inhib.Med.Chem_34_1018 |
| Author(s) : da Silva JAV , Nepovimova E , Ramalho TC , Kuca K , Franca TCC |
| Ref : J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem , 34 :1018 , 2019 |
| PubMedID: 31074292 |
| Title : Productive reorientation of a bound oxime reactivator revealed in room temperature X-ray structures of native and VX-inhibited human acetylcholinesterase - Gerlits_2019_J.Biol.Chem_294_10607 |
| Author(s) : Gerlits O , Kong X , Cheng X , Wymore T , Blumenthal DK , Taylor P , Radic Z , Kovalevsky A |
| Ref : Journal of Biological Chemistry , 294 :10607 , 2019 |
| PubMedID: 31138650 |
| Gene_locus related to this paper: human-ACHE |
| Title : Determination of the structural features of O-alkyl-S-2-(N,N-dialkylamino) ethyl alkylthiophosphonates from their electron ionization mass spectra - Terentyev_2016_J.Anal.Chem_71_1266 |
| Author(s) : Terentyev AG , Morozik YI , Rybal'chenko IV , Dudkin AV , Smirnov AO , Galyaev GV |
| Ref : Journal of Analytical Chemistry , 71 :1266 , 2016 |
| PubMedID: |
| Title : Automated Structure- and Sequence-Based Design of Proteins for High Bacterial Expression and Stability - Goldenzweig_2016_Mol.Cell_63_337 |
| Author(s) : Goldenzweig A , Goldsmith M , Hill SE , Gertman O , Laurino P , Ashani Y , Dym O , Unger T , Albeck S , Prilusky J , Lieberman RL , Aharoni A , Silman I , Sussman JL , Tawfik DS , Fleishman SJ |
| Ref : Mol Cell , 63 :337 , 2016 |
| PubMedID: 27425410 |
| Gene_locus related to this paper: human-ACHE |
| Title : HI-6 assisted catalytic scavenging of VX by acetylcholinesterase choline binding site mutants - Macek Hrvat_2016_Chem.Biol.Interact_259_148 |
| Author(s) : Macek Hrvat N , Zunec S , Taylor P , Radic Z , Kovarik Z |
| Ref : Chemico-Biological Interactions , 259 :148 , 2016 |
| PubMedID: 27083141 |
| Gene_locus related to this paper: human-ACHE |
| Title : Effective, Facile, and Selective Hydrolysis of the Chemical Warfare Agent VX Using Zr6-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks - Moon_2015_Inorg.Chem_54_10829 |
| Author(s) : Moon SY , Wagner GW , Mondloch JE , Peterson GW , DeCoste JB , Hupp JT , Farha OK |
| Ref : Inorg Chem , 54 :10829 , 2015 |
| PubMedID: 26505999 |
| Title : Toxicity and medical countermeasure studies on the organophosphorus nerve agents VM and VX - Rice_2015_Proc.Math.Phys.Eng.Sci_471_20140891 |
| Author(s) : Rice H , Dalton CH , Price ME , Graham SJ , Green AC , Jenner J , Groombridge HJ , Timperley CM |
| Ref : Proc Math Phys Eng Sci , 471 :20140891 , 2015 |
| PubMedID: 27547080 |
| Title : Simultaneous quantification of VX and its toxic metabolite in blood and plasma samples and its application for in vivo and in vitro toxicological studies - Reiter_2011_J.Chromatogr.B.Analyt.Technol.Biomed.Life.Sci_879_2704 |
| Author(s) : Reiter G , Mikler J , Hill I , Weatherby K , Thiermann H , Worek F |
| Ref : Journal of Chromatography B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sciences , 879 :2704 , 2011 |
| PubMedID: 21862421 |
| Title : X-ray crystallographic snapshots of reaction intermediates in the G117H mutant of human butyrylcholinesterase, a nerve agent target engineered into a catalytic bioscavenger - Nachon_2011_Biochem.J_434_73 |
| Author(s) : Nachon F , Carletti E , Wandhammer M , Nicolet Y , Schopfer LM , Masson P , Lockridge O |
| Ref : Biochemical Journal , 434 :73 , 2011 |
| PubMedID: 21091433 |
| Gene_locus related to this paper: human-BCHE |
| Title : Reaction Products of Acetylcholinesterase and Vx Reveal a Mobile Histidine in the Catalytic Triad - Millard_1999_J.Am.Chem.Soc_121_9883 |
| Author(s) : Millard CB , Koellner G , Ordentlich A , Shafferman A , Silman I , Sussman JL |
| Ref : Journal of the American Chemical Society , 121 :9883 , 1999 |
| PubMedID: |
| Gene_locus related to this paper: torca-ACHE |
| Title : Cytotoxicity of organophosphate anticholinesterases - Cao_1999_In.Vitro.Cell.Dev.Biol.Anim_35_493 |
| Author(s) : Cao CJ , Mioduszewski RJ , Menking DE , Valdes JJ , Katz EJ , Eldefrawi ME , Eldefrawi AT |
| Ref : In Vitro Cell Developmental Biology Anim , 35 :493 , 1999 |
| PubMedID: 10548430 |
| Title : Reactivating potency of obidoxime, pralidoxime, HI 6 and HLo 7 in human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase inhibited by highly toxic organophosphorus compounds - Worek_1998_Arch.Toxicol_72_237 |
| Author(s) : Worek F , Widmann R , Knopff O , Szinicz L |
| Ref : Archives of Toxicology , 72 :237 , 1998 |
| PubMedID: 9587020 |
| Title : Oxidative biodegradation of phosphorothiolates by fungal laccase - Amitai_1998_FEBS.Lett_438_195 |
| Author(s) : Amitai G , Adani R , Sod-Moriah G , Rabinovitz I , Vincze A , Leader H , Chefetz B , Leibovitz-Persky L , Friesem D , Hadar Y |
| Ref : FEBS Letters , 438 :195 , 1998 |
| PubMedID: 9827544 |
| Title : Simultaneous in vivo determination of acetylcholinesterase activity and acetylcholine release in the cortex of waking rat by microdialysis. Effects of VX - Testylier_1998_J.Neurosci.Methods_81_53 |
| Author(s) : Testylier G , Micoud N , Martinez S , Lallement G |
| Ref : Journal of Neuroscience Methodsods , 81 :53 , 1998 |
| PubMedID: 9696310 |
| Title : Organophosphorus acid anhydride hydrolase activity in human butyrylcholinesterase: synergy results in a somanase - Millard_1998_Biochemistry_37_237 |
| Author(s) : Millard CB , Lockridge O , Broomfield CA |
| Ref : Biochemistry , 37 :237 , 1998 |
| PubMedID: 9425044 |
| Gene_locus related to this paper: human-BCHE |
| Title : Determination of the main hydrolysis product of O-ethyl S-2- diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate, ethyl methylphosphonic acid, in human serum - Katagi_1997_J.Chromatogr.B.Biomed.Sci.Appl_689_327 |
| Author(s) : Katagi M , Nishikawa M , Tatsuno M , Tsuchihashi H |
| Ref : Journal of Chromatography B Biomed Sci Appl , 689 :327 , 1997 |
| PubMedID: 9080318 |
| Title : [Acute poisoning by neuroparalytic agents and its long-term effects] - Ianno_1997_Med.Tr.Prom.Ekol_6_5 |
| Author(s) : Ianno LV , Musiichuk Iu I |
| Ref : Med Tr Prom Ekol , 6 :5 , 1997 |
| PubMedID: 9273141 |
| Title : Differential inhibition of the brain acetylcholinesterase molecular forms following sarin, soman and VX intoxication in laboratory rats - Bajgar_1997_Acta.Medica_40_89 |
| Author(s) : Bajgar J |
| Ref : Acta Medica , 40 :89 , 1997 |
| PubMedID: 9481881 |
| Title : The stoichiometry of protection against soman and VX toxicity in monkeys pretreated with human butyrylcholinesterase - Raveh_1997_Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol_145_43 |
| Author(s) : Raveh L , Grauer E , Grunwald J , Cohen E , Ashani Y |
| Ref : Toxicol Appl Pharmacol , 145 :43 , 1997 |
| PubMedID: 9221822 |
| Title : Molecular mechanic study of nerve agent O-ethyl S-[2- (diisopropylamino)ethyl]methylphosphonothioate (VX) bound to the active site of Torpedo californica acetylcholinesterase - Albaret_1997_Proteins_28_543 |
| Author(s) : Albaret C , Lacoutiere S , Ashman WP , Froment D , Fortier PL |
| Ref : Proteins , 28 :543 , 1997 |
| PubMedID: 9261870 |
| Title : Application of capillary gas chromatography to the study of hydrolysis of the nerve agent VX in rat plasma - Bonierbale_1997_J.Chromatogr.B.Biomed.Sci.Appl_688_255 |
| Author(s) : Bonierbale E , Debordes L , Coppet L |
| Ref : Journal of Chromatography B Biomed Sci Appl , 688 :255 , 1997 |
| PubMedID: 9061463 |
| Title : Cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular effects of O-ethyl S--2- (diisopropylamino) ethyl- methylphosphonothioate (VX) in rats - |
| Author(s) : Dube SN , Mazumder PK , Kumar D |
| Ref : Bulletin of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology , 59 :246 , 1997 |
| PubMedID: 9211695 |
| Title : [Chronic poisoning by organophosphoric VX] - Gur'eva_1997_Med.Tr.Prom.Ekol_6_7 |
| Author(s) : Gur'eva LM , Dubovskaia LV , Musiichuk Iu I , Semenovskaia NA , Tatarinova OM , Tikhomirova OV , Filippov VL , Filicheva AP , Shul'man V , Ianno LV |
| Ref : Med Tr Prom Ekol , 6 :7 , 1997 |
| PubMedID: 9273142 |
| Title : [The effect of parasympatholytics on the therapeutic effectiveness of the oxime HI-6 against organophosphorus compounds (Soman, substance VX, Fosdrin) in mice] - Kassa_1997_Cas.Lek.Cesk_136_124 |
| Author(s) : Kassa J , Vachek J |
| Ref : Casopis Lekaru Ceskych , 136 :124 , 1997 |
| PubMedID: 9221183 |
| Title : Hydrolysis of tetriso by an enzyme derived from Pseudomonas diminuta as a model for the detoxication of O-ethyl S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothiolate (VX) - Hoskin_1995_Biochem.Pharmacol_49_711 |
| Author(s) : Hoskin FC , Walker JE , Dettbarn WD , Wild JR |
| Ref : Biochemical Pharmacology , 49 :711 , 1995 |
| PubMedID: 7887986 |
| Title : An explanation on the limited efficacy of detoxication against VX toxicity by purified specific antibodies - Liao_1995_Fundam.Appl.Toxicol_27_90 |
| Author(s) : Liao WG , Rong KT |
| Ref : Fundamental & Applied Toxicology , 27 :90 , 1995 |
| PubMedID: 7589933 |
| Title : Effect of atropine, HLo 7 and HI 6 on respiratory and circulatory function in guinea-pigs poisoned by O-ethyl S-[2-(diisopropylamino) ethyl] methylphosponothioate (VX) - Worek_1994_Pharmacol.Toxicol_75_302 |
| Author(s) : Worek F , Kirchner T , Szinicz L |
| Ref : Pharmacol Toxicol , 75 :302 , 1994 |
| PubMedID: 7870702 |
| Title : Use of hemoperfusion in experimental intoxication with nerve agents - Monhart_1994_Artif.Organs_18_770 |
| Author(s) : Monhart V , Fusek J , Brndiar M , Tlustakova M |
| Ref : Artif Organs , 18 :770 , 1994 |
| PubMedID: 7832660 |
| Title : [Preventive effect of zeolite in VX poisoning in rats] - Mojzis_1994_Vet.Med_39_443 |
| Author(s) : Mojzis J , Nistiar F , Kovac G , Mojzisova G |
| Ref : Vet Med , 39 :443 , 1994 |
| PubMedID: 7941226 |
| Title : Tissue and erythrocyte cholinesterase inhibition and protection by clinoptilolite pretreatment - Mojzis_1994_Vet.Hum.Toxicol_36_533 |
| Author(s) : Mojzis J , Nistiar F , Kovac G |
| Ref : Vet Hum Toxicol , 36 :533 , 1994 |
| PubMedID: 7900273 |
| Title : [Decontamination with clay or alcoholate of pigs percutaneously poisoned with VX and soman] - Knezevic_1994_Vojnosanit.Pregl_51_488 |
| Author(s) : Knezevic DL , Tadic V |
| Ref : Vojnosanit Pregl , 51 :488 , 1994 |
| PubMedID: 8585153 |
| Title : Binding of 125I-fasciculin to rat brain acetylcholinesterase. The complex still binds diisopropyl fluorophosphate - Marchot_1993_J.Biol.Chem_268_12458 |
| Author(s) : Marchot P , Khelif A , Ji YH , Mansuelle P , Bougis PE |
| Ref : Journal of Biological Chemistry , 268 :12458 , 1993 |
| PubMedID: 8509385 |
| Title : Action of nerve agents to cholinesterases - Bajgar_1993_Sb.Ved.Pr.Lek.Fak.Karlovy.Univerzity.Hradci.Kralove_36_63 |
| Author(s) : Bajgar J |
| Ref : Sbornik Vedeckych Praci Lekarske Fakulty Karlovy Univerzity , 36 :63 , 1993 |
| PubMedID: 8165432 |
| Title : Production and characterization of antibodies directed against organophosphorus nerve agent VX - Grognet_1993_Arch.Toxicol_67_66 |
| Author(s) : Grognet JM , Ardouin T , Istin M , Vandais A , Noel JP , Rima G , Satge J , Pradel C , Sentenac-Roumanou H , Lion C |
| Ref : Archives of Toxicology , 67 :66 , 1993 |
| PubMedID: 8452483 |
| Title : Successful pretreatment\/therapy of soman, sarin and VX intoxication - Lennox_1992_Drug.Chem.Toxicol_15_271 |
| Author(s) : Lennox WJ , Harris LW , Anderson DR , Solana RP , Murrow ML , Wade JV |
| Ref : Drug & Chemical Toxicology , 15 :271 , 1992 |
| PubMedID: 1459040 |
| Title : Reduction by pyridostigmine pretreatment of the efficacy of atropine and 2-PAM treatment of sarin and VX poisoning in rodents - Koplovitz_1992_Fundam.Appl.Toxicol_18_102 |
| Author(s) : Koplovitz I , Harris LW , Anderson DR , Lennox WJ , Stewart JR |
| Ref : Fundamental & Applied Toxicology , 18 :102 , 1992 |
| PubMedID: 160120 |
| Title : Potential of memantine, D-tubocurarine, and atropine in preventing acute toxic myopathy induced by organophosphate nerve agents: soman, sarin, tabun and VX - Gupta_1992_Neurotoxicol_13_649 |
| Author(s) : Gupta RC , Dettbarn WD |
| Ref : Neurotoxicology , 13 :649 , 1992 |
| PubMedID: 1475066 |
| Title : VX enhances neuronal excitability and alters membrane properties of Rana catesbeiana sympathetic ganglion neurons - Heppner_1992_Comp.Biochem.Physiol.C_102_335 |
| Author(s) : Heppner TJ , Fiekers JF |
| Ref : Comparative Biochemistry & Physiology C , 102 :335 , 1992 |
| PubMedID: 1358550 |
| Title : The effect of pyridostigmine pretreatment on oxime efficacy against intoxication by soman or VX in rats - Anderson_1992_Drug.Chem.Toxicol_15_285 |
| Author(s) : Anderson DR , Harris LW , Woodard CL , Lennox WJ |
| Ref : Drug & Chemical Toxicology , 15 :285 , 1992 |
| PubMedID: 1459041 |
| Title : Physostigmine (alone and together with adjunct) pretreatment against soman, sarin, tabun and VX intoxication - Harris_1991_Drug.Chem.Toxicol_14_265 |
| Author(s) : Harris LW , Talbot BG , Lennox WJ , Anderson DR , Solana RP |
| Ref : Drug & Chemical Toxicology , 14 :265 , 1991 |
| PubMedID: 1935706 |
| Title : Comparison of cholinergic and neuromuscular toxicity following acute exposure to sarin and VX in rat - Gupta_1991_Fundam.Appl.Toxicol_16_449 |
| Author(s) : Gupta RC , Patterson GT , Dettbarn WD |
| Ref : Fundamental & Applied Toxicology , 16 :449 , 1991 |
| PubMedID: 1855618 |
| Title : The effects of irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors on transmission through sympathetic ganglia of the bullfrog - Heppner_1991_Neuropharmacol_30_843 |
| Author(s) : Heppner TJ , Fiekers JF |
| Ref : Neuropharmacology , 30 :843 , 1991 |
| PubMedID: 1664071 |
| Title : Anticonvulsive and protective effects of diazepam and midazolam in rats poisoned by highly toxic organophosphorus compounds - Bokonjic_1991_Arh.Hig.Rada.Toksikol_42_359 |
| Author(s) : Bokonjic D , Rosic N |
| Ref : Arh Hig Rada Toksikol , 42 :359 , 1991 |
| PubMedID: 1815490 |
| Title : The influence of inhibitors and other factors on cholinesterases - Bajgar_1991_Sb.Ved.Pr.Lek.Fak.Karlovy.Univerzity.Hradci.Kralove_34_5 |
| Author(s) : Bajgar J |
| Ref : Sb Ved Pr Lek Fak Karlovy Univerzity Hradci Kralove , 34 :5 , 1991 |
| PubMedID: 1759111 |
| Title : An organophosphorus compound, Vx, selectively inhibits the rat cardiac Na+,K(+)-ATPase alpha 1 isoform. Biochemical basis of the cardiotoxicity of Vx - Robineau_1991_FEBS.Lett_281_145 |
| Author(s) : Robineau P , Leclercq Y , Gerbi A , Berrebi-Bertrand I , Lelievre LG |
| Ref : FEBS Letters , 281 :145 , 1991 |
| PubMedID: 1849836 |
| Title : Mechanisms of pulmonary edema induced by an organophosphorus compound in anesthetized dogs - Lainee_1991_Fundam.Appl.Toxicol_17_177 |
| Author(s) : Lainee P , Robineau P , Guittin P , Coq H , Benchetrit G |
| Ref : Fundamental & Applied Toxicology , 17 :177 , 1991 |
| PubMedID: 1916075 |
| Title : Effects of subacute pretreatment with carbamate together with acute adjunct pretreatment against nerve agent exposure - Anderson_1991_Drug.Chem.Toxicol_14_1 |
| Author(s) : Anderson DR , Harris LW , Lennox WJ , Solana RP |
| Ref : Drug & Chemical Toxicology , 14 :1 , 1991 |
| PubMedID: 1889370 |
| Title : Enzymes as pretreatment drugs for organophosphate toxicity - Doctor_1991_Neurosci.Biobehav.Rev_15_123 |
| Author(s) : Doctor BP , Raveh L , Wolfe AD , Maxwell DM , Ashani Y |
| Ref : Neurosci Biobehav Rev , 15 :123 , 1991 |
| PubMedID: 2052184 |
| Title : Putative M2 muscarinic receptors of rat heart have high affinity for organophosphorus anticholinesterases - Silveira_1990_Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol_103_474 |
| Author(s) : Silveira CL , Eldefrawi AT , Eldefrawi ME |
| Ref : Toxicol Appl Pharmacol , 103 :474 , 1990 |
| PubMedID: 2339420 |
| Title : [The effect of the oxime HI-6 on miosis induced by topical administration of sarin and VX in the rabbit eye] - Macic_1990_Vojnosanit.Pregl_47_399 |
| Author(s) : Macic I , Vojvodic V , Knezevic D , Maksimovic M |
| Ref : Vojnosanit Pregl , 47 :399 , 1990 |
| PubMedID: 2075700 |
| Title : Immunologic protection against VX intoxication in experimental animals - Rong_1990_Pharmacol.Toxicol_67_255 |
| Author(s) : Rong KT , Zhang LJ |
| Ref : Pharmacol Toxicol , 67 :255 , 1990 |
| PubMedID: 2255683 |
| Title : [Aerobic metabolism of VX and mixed function oxidases] - Fu_1990_Zhongguo.Yao.Li.Xue.Bao_11_123 |
| Author(s) : Fu FH , Sun MJ |
| Ref : Acta Pharmacol Sin , 11 :123 , 1990 |
| PubMedID: 2275385 |
| Title : Determination of O-ethyl S-2-diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonothioate (VX) by thermospray liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry - Wils_1990_J.Chromatogr_523_151 |
| Author(s) : Wils ER , Hulst AG |
| Ref : Journal of Chromatography , 523 :151 , 1990 |
| PubMedID: 2090658 |
| Title : A microassay-based procedure for measuring low levels of toxic organophosphorus compounds through acetylcholinesterase inhibition - Hammond_1989_Anal.Biochem_180_380 |
| Author(s) : Hammond PS , Forster JS |
| Ref : Analytical Biochemistry , 180 :380 , 1989 |
| PubMedID: 2817369 |
| Title : Indirect determination of O-ethyl S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothioate in air at low concentrations - Fowler_1989_J.Chromatogr_478_51 |
| Author(s) : Fowler WK , Smith JE, Jr. |
| Ref : Journal of Chromatography , 478 :51 , 1989 |
| PubMedID: 2600144 |
| Title : Toxicity of an acute dose of agent VX and other organophosphorus esters in the chicken - Wilson_1988_J.Toxicol.Environ.Health_23_103 |
| Author(s) : Wilson BW , Henderson JD , Chow E , Schreider J , Goldman M , Culbertson R , Dacre JC |
| Ref : J Toxicol Environ Health , 23 :103 , 1988 |
| PubMedID: 3336055 |
| Title : Direct actions of organophosphate anticholinesterases on nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors - Bakry_1988_J.Biochem.Toxicol_3_235 |
| Author(s) : Bakry NM , el-Rashidy AH , Eldefrawi AT , Eldefrawi ME |
| Ref : Journal of Biochemical Toxicology , 3 :235 , 1988 |
| PubMedID: 3236334 |
| Title : The effect of spontaneous electromechanical activity on the metabolism of acetylcholinesterase in cultured embryonic rat myotubes - Brockman_1984_J.Neurosci_4_131 |
| Author(s) : Brockman SK , Younkin LH , Younkin SG |
| Ref : Journal of Neuroscience , 4 :131 , 1984 |
| PubMedID: 6693937 |
| Title : Reactivation of VX-inhibited cholinesterase by 2-PAM and HS-6 in rats - Harris_1983_Drug.Chem.Toxicol_6_235 |
| Author(s) : Harris LW , Stitcher DL |
| Ref : Drug & Chemical Toxicology , 6 :235 , 1983 |
| PubMedID: 6628257 |
| Title : Penetration of VX into nerve cells, and effects on electrical function - |
| Author(s) : Farquharson DA , Hoskin FC , Hubbard K , Prusch RD |
| Ref : Bulletin of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology , 24 :719 , 1980 |
| PubMedID: 7459460 |
| Title : [Therapy of domestic animals affected by alkylphosphates] - Benes_1979_Vet.Med_24_623 |
| Author(s) : Benes J , Hrusovsky J , Proksova M |
| Ref : Vet Med , 24 :623 , 1979 |
| PubMedID: 117593 |
| Title : Active-site catalytic efficiency of acetylcholinesterase molecular forms in Electrophorus, torpedo, rat and chicken - Vigny_1978_Eur.J.Biochem_85_317 |
| Author(s) : Vigny M , Bon S , Massoulie J , Leterrier F |
| Ref : European Journal of Biochemistry , 85 :317 , 1978 |
| PubMedID: 648523 |